Unlocking the Mysteries of Breast Cancer: The Role of Epigenetics in Diagnosis, Treatment, and Beyond.

Objectives: Breast cancer is an intricate and varied disease exhibiting a range of molecular subgroups and clinical consequences. Epigenetic alterations have become essential players in the pathophysiology of breast cancer because they control gene expression without changing the DNA sequence. This review provides a comprehensive overview of epigenetics' diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications in breast cancer. This review aims to present a comprehensive study of the function of epigenetics in breast cancer, emphasizing current developments and potential avenues for future research.

Methods: A narrative review methodology involved an extensive literature search and selection to gather relevant studies and trial data. PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched using relevant keywords such as "epigenetics," "breast cancer," "DNA methylation," "histone modification," "noncoding RNA," and "linical trials." Relevant studies and clinical trial data were selected and synthesized to summarize the topic comprehensively.

Results: The review synthesizes critical findings from current research, underscoring the pivotal role of epigenetic mechanisms in breast cancer initiation, progression, and therapeutic response. It highlights the potential of epigenetic biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis and the promise of epigenetic-targeted therapies in breast cancer management. Furthermore, the review outlines future directions for research, emphasizing the importance of elucidating the dynamic interplay between epigenetic alterations and tumor microenvironments in shaping breast cancer phenotypes.

Conclusions: Epigenetic modifications influence breast cancer progression, diagnosis, and therapy. Emerging biomarkers and targeted treatments hold promise, but further research is essential to refine their clinical application and improve personalized cancer management strategies.