Angiogenic factor AGGF1 is a general splicing factor regulating angiogenesis and vascular development by alternative splicing of SRSF6

AGGF1 encodes an angiogenic factor that causes vascular disease Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome when mutated. AGGF1 also acts at the top of the genetic regulatory hierarchy for mesodermal differentiation of hemangioblasts, multipotent stem cells for differentiation of blood cells and vascular cells. Alternative splicing (AS) is a post-transcriptional process that generates multiple mature mRNAs from a single primary transcript (pre-mRNA), producing protein diversity. Deregulation of AS leads to many human diseases. The physiological role and mechanism of AGGF1 in AS are not clear. Full-length transcriptome sequencing of human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAECs) with AGGF1 silencing revealed 63 121 genes, including 1144 new unannotated genes, and showed that AGGF1 is a general splicing factor regulating AS of 436 genes, including SRSF6 regulating AS of many target genes. AGGF1 promoted the skipping of exon 3 that produces the full-length SRSF6 protein, an evolutionarily conserved AS event. Overexpression of full-length SRSF6 reversed the reduced cell proliferation, migration, and capillary tube formation of HPAECs with AGGF1 silencing. Knockdown of SRSF6 and overexpression of the shorter, alternatively spliced isoform of SRSF6 both inhibited HPAEC proliferation, migration, and capillary tube formation, whereas opposite results were obtained for overexpression of full-length SRSF6. Knockdown of srsf6 impaired development of ISVs in zebrafish, whereas overexpression of srsf6 enhanced vascular development and partially rescued impaired ISV development in zebrafish embryos with aggf1 knockdown. Overall, our findings reveal that AGGF1 is a general splicing factor, and that AGGF1-mediated exon 3 skipping of SRSF6 pre-mRNA is important for endothelial cell functions, angiogenesis, and vascular development.