Changes in sediment regimes and mass accumulation rates in Eeyou Istchee eelgrass habitat, James Bay, Canada

Fourteen sediment cores collected from shallow subtidal waters in 2017–2021 in northeastern James Bay, Canada (known as Eeyou Istchee) were analyzed for excess ²¹⁰Pb (²¹⁰Pb_ex), ¹³⁷Cs and fine particle content (% <63 μm) to characterize sediment deposition within an eelgrass (Zostera marina) ecosystem recovering from a massive decline in the 1990s. A strong signature of surface soil input from nearby La Grande Rivière watershed is evident from high ¹³⁷Cs inventories and low ²¹⁰Pb_ex/¹³⁷Cs ratios. Mass accumulation rates (MARs) were established in five cores using a ²¹⁰Pb_ex model that accounts for bio-mixing and subsequently validated by ¹³⁷Cs. MARs are higher in this area (0.14–0.48 g cm⁻² yr⁻¹) than in nearby offshore Hudson Bay. Low inventories of ²¹⁰Pb_ex and ¹³⁷Cs and disturbances in particle size distribution (coarsening upwards) in the remaining cores indicate non-steady-state behaviour, most likely surficial erosion. Using well-preserved ¹³⁷Cs peaks and other core-specific methods, pre-disturbance MARs were estimated at between <0.05 and 0.39 g cm⁻² yr⁻¹, indicating an environmental transition from net accumulation to erosion. Recent deposition of sediment is largely controlled by sediment focusing, resulting in high variability of inventories and MARs at small spatial scales. The loss of eelgrass has likely increased sediment resuspension and redistribution to deeper areas, contributing to decreased light availability for subtidal eelgrass and increased export of material to greater James Bay. The findings of this study show the foundational importance of small-scale assessment of MARs in river-dominated eelgrass ecosystems like those in Eeyou Istchee.