A comprehensive review of deep learning-based approaches for drug-drug interaction prediction.

Deep learning models have made significant progress in the biomedical field, particularly in the prediction of drug-drug interactions (DDIs). DDIs are pharmacodynamic reactions between two or more drugs in the body, which may lead to adverse effects and are of great significance for drug development and clinical research. However, predicting DDI through traditional clinical trials and experiments is not only costly but also time-consuming. When utilizing advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI) and deep learning techniques, both developers and users face multiple challenges, including the problem of acquiring and encoding data, as well as the difficulty of designing computational methods. In this paper, we review a variety of DDI prediction methods, including similarity-based, network-based, and integration-based approaches, to provide an up-to-date and easy-to-understand guide for researchers in different fields. Additionally, we provide an in-depth analysis of widely used molecular representations and a systematic exposition of the theoretical framework of models used to extract features from graph data.