Ervin Bauer and the foundations of theoretical biology.

Ervin Bauer (1890-1938) outlined the paradigm of theoretical biology in his monograph "Fundamental Principles of Biology as Pure Natural Science and their Applications in Physiology and Pathology" (1920) and further developed these ideas in his book "Theoretical Biology" (1935). In these works, he defined the foundations of theoretical biology from the perspective of biophysics and bioenergetics, formulated the principle of a sustainable non-equilibrium state, which is continuously maintained by all biological systems throughout their life, and developed original views on cell differentiation, adaptation, and evolution. In 1938, Ervin Bauer and his wife Stefánia became the victims of Stalin's Great Terror. The book of 1920 was published in 1920 in German. It outlines the main principles of Bauer's concept. Bauer's magnum opus "Theoretical Biology" (1935) was published in Russian and republished in 1967 in Hungarian (together with the monograph of 1920) and several times in Russian. Immediately after the Russian edition appeared, two chapters were also published in German translation. Only small excerpts of the book were published in English translation. Here we present a complete English translation of both books. The books contain many important ideas that remain actual today and have great potential for further development in modern concepts of the foundations of life, the structure of living matter, and evolution.