The effect of recreational activities on flock size and behaviors of the Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus)

Rising popularity of ecotourism has significantly affected and posed threats to bird populations and their habitats, especially for water and wading bird species. Addressing these concerns is crucial for conservation and management. One notable species affected is the Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus), which attracts tourists for observation and photography. A study was conducted during the winter seasons of 2020 and 2021 in the Miankaleh Wildlife Refuge and Biosphere Reserve in northern Iran, where Greater Flamingo populations spend the winter. The study examined groups with tourist presence (sample) and without tourist presence (control). In another group (experiment), simulated tourist sounds were played. The study modeled and analyzed the effects of recreational activity variables as the primary variable, while environmental and habitat variables (climatic, physicochemical, and biological variables of water and sediment) served as covariates on flock size, vigilance, and avoidance behaviors of Greater Flamingos. The results indicated that increased tourist numbers correlated with more frequent vigilance and avoidance behaviors. As tourists approached the flock, these behaviors also increased. An increase in noise intensity resulted in a decrease in flamingo flock size. However, the effect of recreational activities on Greater Flamingo flock size and behaviors covaried with other environmental and biological variables, introducing some bias and making it difficult to separate the specific impact of recreational activities. The findings of this research can serve as a useful model for developing ecotourism while conserving Greater Flamingo populations and other migratory birds. It can inform appropriate policies for decision-makers and managers involved in conservation and recreational programs in coastal protected areas at national and international levels.