Smart technologies for sustainable pasture-based ruminant systems: A review

Ruminant livestock farming is essential for providing high-value protein foods for humanity. Nevertheless, the environmental impact and sustainability of ruminant farming systems are under increasing scrutiny due to factors such as climate change and land degradation. Extensive pasture-based farming systems can mitigate these challenges, as they are associated with range of ecosystem services, although they are characterized by low efficiency and are labor-intensive and time-consuming. This review investigates the potential of Precision Livestock Farming technologies (PLF) to enhance the health, welfare, and productivity of grazing ruminants while minimizing environmental impacts. Precision Livestock Farming tools, such as GPS tracking, accelerometers, and virtual fencing, enable real-time monitoring of animal behavior, health, and pasture management, offering smart solutions to challenges such as overgrazing and greenhouse gas emissions. These technologies also enhance the integration of sustainable agronomic practices, like rotational grazing and nitrogen-fixing crops, which can improve soil health and reduce emissions. Despite these benefits, the adoption of PLF technologies in extensive pasture-based systems remains limited due to economic, technical, and infrastructural barriers. Further research is required to optimize PLF applications for various ruminant species, improve data accuracy, and scale these technologies for broader implementation in sustainable livestock farming. Additionally, future efforts should prioritize the integration of animal and pasture management practices to fully harness the potential of PLF in mitigating climate impacts and improving the efficiency of livestock systems.