Two firings of the bronze vessel casting moulds: Distinction between firing and casting of the Late Shang and Western Zhou silt moulds

This study aims to differentiate between the firing and casting processes of the Late Shang and Western Zhou bronze vessel casting moulds. While previous research has primarily focused on the moulds' firing temperature and heat resistance, this study delves deeper into the distinct stages of firing and casting. By analyzing the three mould types housed at the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM) using petrography and scanning electron microscope (SEM), this research introduces a new method to distinguish between moulds that were later used and those discarded owing to some imperfections. The study also highlights the variations in firing atmosphere and technological preferences of the artisans, shedding light on the complex processes involved in bronze casting mould production. The findings provide valuable insights into the organization of bronze casting and the technological advancements of the Late Shang and Western Zhou dynasties.