Artificial intelligence guidance for 3D augmented reality robotic surgery: When the machine falls the human assistance is still alive

In the “Precision Surgery Era”, new technologies are being developed in order to guide the surgeon in the execution of “tailored” surgical procedures. Among them, the use of 3-dimensional (3D) virtual models of the organs have already demonstrated an outstanding potential in urology. Moreover, the use of colors in the operative room provides the surgeon an intuitive and precise guidance during the crucial steps of the surgery. In this scenario, Artificial Intelligence is considered a very promising and fascinating tool able to harmonize and maximize the performances of these technologies, obtaining an automatic surgical guidance both for prostate and renal surgery.