Yttrium iron garnets: Phase study and synthesis methods

Due to the rapid progress in the development of communication systems, magnetic ceramics-including spinels, hexaferrites, and garnets-have become increasingly attractive for use in various electronic and optoelectronic devices, particularly in the microwave range. Among the different types of ferrites, garnets generally exhibit higher electrical resistivity, lower dielectric losses, softer magnetic behavior, higher Curie points, and narrower ferromagnetic resonance linewidth. These properties make garnets suitable for spintronic technology, electro-optical applications, and the microwave/GHz domain, including devices such as phase shifters, circulators, and isolators. This important class of ferrimagnetic materials is found in two different compositional forms: unsubstituted garnets, or yttrium iron garnets (Y₃Fe₅O₁₂, YIG), and substituted garnets (R_xY_3-xM_yFe_5-yO₁₂). In addition to changes in chemical composition through doping and/or substitution of elements, other factors that can affect the performance of garnets include synthesis methods and heat treatment. Given the recent interest in nanotechnology, various shapes—including nanoparticles, thin films, nanorods, and nanotubes—have been considered alongside the bulk structure, either as composites or in uncombined forms, to develop materials for specific applications. This paper aims to provide an overview of the crystal structure, phase study, and various synthetic methods of garnets concerning their magnetic and structural behaviors.