Undocumented Afghan refugee women’s lived experiences of distress in Iran: A narrative inquiry of social suffering during the COVID-19 pandemic

Undocumented Afghan refugee women in Iran face a multitude of challenges amidst the pandemic, deeply rooted in socio-political, economic, and cultural factors. This study explores their lived experiences through a social suffering lens, emphasizing the interplay of trauma, displacement, and systemic injustices. Semi-structured interviews informed by narrative inquiry were used. Participants shared that the pandemic has revived memories of war and displacement, as uncertainties surrounding their legal status and precarious living conditions increased. Gender-based violence, economic exclusion, and heightened emotional distress followed. Despite adversity, narratives also highlight resilience and resistance strategies. This research underscores the urgent need for holistic approaches to address systemic injustices and inform targeted interventions for this vulnerable population. Moving forward, incorporating intersectional and systemic perspectives is essential for fostering a more equitable and inclusive future for all.