Burnout in modern-day health care: Where are we, and how can we markedly reduce it? A meta-narrative review from the EUREKA* project.

Background: Burnout is disrupting the health care workforce, threatening the livelihoods of health care workers and the probability of safe and effective patient care.

Purposes: The aims of this study were to describe the evolution and gaps in burnout research and identify next steps to advance the field and reduce burnout.

Methodology/approach: We formed a learning community of burnout scholars and Chief Wellness Officers, sought recent review articles for a meta-narrative synthesis of themes on health care worker burnout, and conducted focus groups with learning community members.

Results: In 1,425 systematic burnout studies found in a Medline database search of systematic reviews published since 2018, 68 were retained for analysis. Many focused on individual interventions (e.g., mindfulness), paying inconsistent attention to (a) what comprises burnout, (b) prevalence and contributors, (c) theories underlying it, (d) presence in marginalized populations, and (e) innovative research methods. There was consensus that burnout poses a global crisis, but there was no agreement on how to address it. Focus group participants noted that although burnout research is now "mainstream," health systems commit insufficient resources to addressing it. They proposed that emphasizing organizational finances and patient safety may make burnout a priority for health systems.

Practice implications: Despite burnout's progressing unabated, many organizations do not employ known burnout indicators (worker dissatisfaction or turnover) as wellness metrics. Research into organizational contributors to burnout, rigorous evaluation of interventions, and organizational adoption of research findings into systemic action are urgently needed. A well-supported international research agenda is required to quickly move the field ahead and reduce or ultimately eliminate burnout.