Analysis and prediction of atmospheric ozone concentrations using machine learning.

Atmospheric ozone chemistry involves various substances and reactions, which makes it a complex system. We analyzed data recorded by Switzerland's National Air Pollution Monitoring Network (NABEL) to showcase the capabilities of machine learning (ML) for the prediction of ozone concentrations (daily averages) and to document a general approach that can be followed by anyone facing similar problems. We evaluated various artificial neural networks and compared them to linear as well as non-linear models deduced with ML. The main analyses and the training of the models were performed on atmospheric air data recorded from 2016 to 2023 at the NABEL station Lugano-Università in Lugano, TI, Switzerland. As a first step, we used techniques like best subset selection to determine the measurement parameters that might be relevant for the prediction of ozone concentrations; in general, the parameters identified by these methods agree with atmospheric ozone chemistry. Based on these results, we constructed various models and used them to predict ozone concentrations in Lugano for the period between January 1, 2024, and March 31, 2024; then, we compared the output of our models to the actual measurements and repeated this procedure for two NABEL stations situated in northern Switzerland (Dübendorf-Empa and Zürich-Kaserne). For these stations, predictions were made for the aforementioned period and the period between January 1, 2023, and December 31, 2023. In most of the cases, the lowest mean absolute errors (MAE) were provided by a non-linear model with 12 components (different powers and linear combinations of NO₂, NO_X, SO₂, non-methane volatile organic compounds, temperature and radiation); the MAE of predicted ozone concentrations in Lugano was as low as 9 μgm^-3. For the stations in Zürich and Dübendorf, the lowest MAEs were around 11 μgm^-3 and 13 μgm^-3, respectively. For the tested periods, the accuracy of the best models was approximately 1 μgm^-3. Since the aforementioned values are all lower than the standard deviations of the observations we conclude that using ML for complex data analyses can be very helpful and that artificial neural networks do not necessarily outperform simpler models.