Extracellular Vesicles: A Promising Therapeutic Approach to Alzheimer's Disease.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized membranous particles that are secreted by various cell types and play a critical role in intercellular communication. Their unique properties and remarkable ability to deliver bioactive cargo to target cells have made them promising tools in the treatment of various diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is a devastating neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive decline and neuropathological hallmarks, such as amyloid-beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Despite extensive research, no disease-modifying therapy for AD is currently available. However, EVs have emerged as a potential therapeutic agent in AD due to their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, deliver bioactive cargo, and modulate neuroinflammation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on the role of EVs in AD and discusses their potential as a therapeutic approach. It covers the mechanisms of action, potential therapeutic targets, and challenges and limitations of EV-based therapies for AD.