Khaled Q Al Hamad, Jad Q Ayyad, Bashar A Al-Rashdan, Firas A Al Quran
{"title":"面部扫描与虚拟患者表征工作流程的准确性。","authors":"Khaled Q Al Hamad, Jad Q Ayyad, Bashar A Al-Rashdan, Firas A Al Quran","doi":"10.1111/jopr.14024","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the feasibility and accuracy (trueness and precision) of facial scanning and virtual patient representation (VPR).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>One participant was recruited and informed consent was obtained. VPR was performed 30 times with a custom fabricated intraoral scan body (ISB). Thirteen adhesive markers were added to the face as an extraoral scan body (ESB). Two facial scans were obtained for each VPR using an infra-red laser accessory sensor (Structure sensor; Occipital Inc) mounted on a computer tablet (iPad Pro; Apple Inc), including one with seated ISB and one without ISB. Two maxillary intraoral scans were obtained using an intraoral scanner (Omnicam; Dentsply Sirona) with and without the ISB. All files were imported to a dental software program (exocad; exocad GmbH) and VPR was obtained by aligning the facial and IOS scans using the ISB and ESB as common elements for alignment. Five fiducial face landmarks, four intraoral dental landmarks, and six perioral landmarks were selected for measurements. A total of 32 linear measurements, including 14 face-face (for facial scan accuracy) and 18 face-dental (for VPR accuracy) representing total face, lower face, and perioral regions, were performed directly using a digital caliper (FINO Digital Caliper; FINO GmbH) and virtually on the VPR. Trueness was evaluated by mean absolute difference (MAD) between the virtual and direct measurements, and the standard deviation represented Precision. Statistical analyses were performed with a statistical software package (IBM SPSS Statistics v25; IBM Corp), with α = 0.05. Data were analyzed for normality with Shapiro-Wilk test, and 1-sample t- (or Wilcoxon signed rank test), technical error of measurement (TEM), and relative error magnitude (REM).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The facial scan had 2.04, 1.66, 0.8 trueness, and 1.05, 0.92, 0.91 precision for total, lower face, and perioral regions. VPR had higher MAD (lower trueness) than facial scan, including 3.32, 2.40, 1.21 trueness and 2.2, 1.47, 1.2 precision for total, lower face, and perioral regions. Both TEM and REM were lowest for the perioral region and increased with increasing measurement distance.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Error in face scanning increased with increased distance and intricate details. VPR accuracy was lower than face scan accuracy because of added errors in the alignment process. The investigated VPR workflow might be feasible for treatment planning and smile design. However, it would be unreliable for more demanding prostheses manufacturing purposes.</p>","PeriodicalId":49152,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Prosthodontics-Implant Esthetic and Reconstructive Dentistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4000,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Trueness and precision of facial scan and virtual patient representation workflow.\",\"authors\":\"Khaled Q Al Hamad, Jad Q Ayyad, Bashar A Al-Rashdan, Firas A Al Quran\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/jopr.14024\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the feasibility and accuracy (trueness and precision) of facial scanning and virtual patient representation (VPR).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>One participant was recruited and informed consent was obtained. VPR was performed 30 times with a custom fabricated intraoral scan body (ISB). Thirteen adhesive markers were added to the face as an extraoral scan body (ESB). Two facial scans were obtained for each VPR using an infra-red laser accessory sensor (Structure sensor; Occipital Inc) mounted on a computer tablet (iPad Pro; Apple Inc), including one with seated ISB and one without ISB. Two maxillary intraoral scans were obtained using an intraoral scanner (Omnicam; Dentsply Sirona) with and without the ISB. All files were imported to a dental software program (exocad; exocad GmbH) and VPR was obtained by aligning the facial and IOS scans using the ISB and ESB as common elements for alignment. Five fiducial face landmarks, four intraoral dental landmarks, and six perioral landmarks were selected for measurements. A total of 32 linear measurements, including 14 face-face (for facial scan accuracy) and 18 face-dental (for VPR accuracy) representing total face, lower face, and perioral regions, were performed directly using a digital caliper (FINO Digital Caliper; FINO GmbH) and virtually on the VPR. Trueness was evaluated by mean absolute difference (MAD) between the virtual and direct measurements, and the standard deviation represented Precision. Statistical analyses were performed with a statistical software package (IBM SPSS Statistics v25; IBM Corp), with α = 0.05. Data were analyzed for normality with Shapiro-Wilk test, and 1-sample t- (or Wilcoxon signed rank test), technical error of measurement (TEM), and relative error magnitude (REM).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The facial scan had 2.04, 1.66, 0.8 trueness, and 1.05, 0.92, 0.91 precision for total, lower face, and perioral regions. VPR had higher MAD (lower trueness) than facial scan, including 3.32, 2.40, 1.21 trueness and 2.2, 1.47, 1.2 precision for total, lower face, and perioral regions. Both TEM and REM were lowest for the perioral region and increased with increasing measurement distance.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Error in face scanning increased with increased distance and intricate details. VPR accuracy was lower than face scan accuracy because of added errors in the alignment process. The investigated VPR workflow might be feasible for treatment planning and smile design. However, it would be unreliable for more demanding prostheses manufacturing purposes.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":49152,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Journal of Prosthodontics-Implant Esthetic and Reconstructive Dentistry\",\"volume\":\" \",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":3.4000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-01-21\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Journal of Prosthodontics-Implant Esthetic and Reconstructive Dentistry\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"3\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1111/jopr.14024\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"医学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Prosthodontics-Implant Esthetic and Reconstructive Dentistry","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jopr.14024","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE","Score":null,"Total":0}
Trueness and precision of facial scan and virtual patient representation workflow.
Purpose: To investigate the feasibility and accuracy (trueness and precision) of facial scanning and virtual patient representation (VPR).
Materials and methods: One participant was recruited and informed consent was obtained. VPR was performed 30 times with a custom fabricated intraoral scan body (ISB). Thirteen adhesive markers were added to the face as an extraoral scan body (ESB). Two facial scans were obtained for each VPR using an infra-red laser accessory sensor (Structure sensor; Occipital Inc) mounted on a computer tablet (iPad Pro; Apple Inc), including one with seated ISB and one without ISB. Two maxillary intraoral scans were obtained using an intraoral scanner (Omnicam; Dentsply Sirona) with and without the ISB. All files were imported to a dental software program (exocad; exocad GmbH) and VPR was obtained by aligning the facial and IOS scans using the ISB and ESB as common elements for alignment. Five fiducial face landmarks, four intraoral dental landmarks, and six perioral landmarks were selected for measurements. A total of 32 linear measurements, including 14 face-face (for facial scan accuracy) and 18 face-dental (for VPR accuracy) representing total face, lower face, and perioral regions, were performed directly using a digital caliper (FINO Digital Caliper; FINO GmbH) and virtually on the VPR. Trueness was evaluated by mean absolute difference (MAD) between the virtual and direct measurements, and the standard deviation represented Precision. Statistical analyses were performed with a statistical software package (IBM SPSS Statistics v25; IBM Corp), with α = 0.05. Data were analyzed for normality with Shapiro-Wilk test, and 1-sample t- (or Wilcoxon signed rank test), technical error of measurement (TEM), and relative error magnitude (REM).
Results: The facial scan had 2.04, 1.66, 0.8 trueness, and 1.05, 0.92, 0.91 precision for total, lower face, and perioral regions. VPR had higher MAD (lower trueness) than facial scan, including 3.32, 2.40, 1.21 trueness and 2.2, 1.47, 1.2 precision for total, lower face, and perioral regions. Both TEM and REM were lowest for the perioral region and increased with increasing measurement distance.
Conclusion: Error in face scanning increased with increased distance and intricate details. VPR accuracy was lower than face scan accuracy because of added errors in the alignment process. The investigated VPR workflow might be feasible for treatment planning and smile design. However, it would be unreliable for more demanding prostheses manufacturing purposes.
期刊介绍:
The Journal of Prosthodontics promotes the advanced study and practice of prosthodontics, implant, esthetic, and reconstructive dentistry. It is the official journal of the American College of Prosthodontists, the American Dental Association-recognized voice of the Specialty of Prosthodontics. The journal publishes evidence-based original scientific articles presenting information that is relevant and useful to prosthodontists. Additionally, it publishes reports of innovative techniques, new instructional methodologies, and instructive clinical reports with an interdisciplinary flair. The journal is particularly focused on promoting the study and use of cutting-edge technology and positioning prosthodontists as the early-adopters of new technology in the dental community.