Evaluation and Future Prospects of Data‐Driven Intelligence‐Based Framework for Predicting Cyclic Behavior of Reconstituted Sand

Most of the robust artificial intelligence (AI)‐based constitutive models are developed with synthetic datasets generated from traditional constitutive models. Therefore, they fundamentally rely on the traditional constitutive models rather than laboratory test results. Also, their potential use within geotechnical engineering communities is limited due to the unavailability of datasets along with the model code files. In this study, the data‐driven constitutive models are developed using only laboratory test databases and deep learning (DL) techniques. The laboratory database was prepared by conducting cyclic direct simple shear (CDSS) tests on reconstituted sand, that is, PDX sand. The stacked long short‐term memory (LSTM) network and its variants are considered for developing the predictive models of the shear strain (γ [%]) and excess pore pressure ratio (ru) time histories. The suitable input parameters (IPs) are selected based on the physics behind the generation of ru and γ (%) of the liquefiable sands. The predicted responses of γ (%) and ru agree well in most cases and are used to predict the dynamic soil properties of the PDX sand. The same modeling framework is extended for other sand and compared with existing AI‐based constitutive models to verify its practical applicability. In summary, it is observed that though the trained models predicted the time histories of ru and γ reasonably well; however, they struggled to predict the hysteresis loops at higher cycles. Therefore, more research is needed to verify and enhance the predictability of existing AI‐based models in the future before using them in practice for simulating cyclic response.