Readiness potentials changed by decision-making in the chicken game.

The chicken game, a well-established social dilemma paradigm, is widely used to study cooperative and competitive behaviors. Strategic decision-making in this game is influenced by the outcomes of cooperative and competitive interactions, with feedback-related event-related potentials (ERPs) during the feedback phase being a primary research focus. However, it remains unclear whether specific ERP components associated with strategic decision-making are present during the response phase. This study implemented a computerized chicken game featuring two cars - one representing the participant and the other the opponent - driving toward each other. Players chose to "give way" or "go straight," with the opponent's decisions controlled by a computer under high-cooperation (70% "give way") and low-cooperation (30% "give way") conditions. Participants made their choices via key presses, and outcomes were presented during the feedback phase. Results revealed a readiness potential (RP) during the response phase, with increased RP amplitudes observed when participants could not accurately predict the opponent's choice, regardless of cooperation condition. These findings suggest that the RP component reflects strategic adjustments and decision-making processes in social dilemmas, providing a potential ERP marker for such contexts.