Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Related Acute Kidney Injury-Management and Challenges.

Immune check point inhibitors (ICIs) have been increasingly used over the past decade for treatment of several cancer types. Despite the excellent cancer response they provide, their use has been associated with serious immune-related adverse events (irAEs) affecting multiple systems including the kidney. Currently, limited data is available to guide treatment of acute kidney injury secondary to ICI use (ICI-AKI) due to tubulointerstitial nephritis or glomerulonephritis. Another huge obstacle is the safety of resuming ICI following an episode of ICI-AKI. Summary: Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (ATIN) is the most common pathology associated with ICI-AKI, followed by other less common forms of glomerulonephritis. Management of this disorder is very challenging. Corticosteroids therapy remains the mainstay treatment for patients with ICI-ATIN. Use of other immunosuppressants for ICI-ATIN and recurrent ICI-ATIN has been also described in literature. In patients with ICI related glomerulonephritis, the use of rituximab is the more common approach reported in literature. Regarding the safety to resume ICI following an episode of ICI-AKI, this decision should be made following a multidisciplinary approach on a case-by-case basis.