The inductive effect does not explain electron density in haloacetates: Are our textbooks wrong?

The inductive effect is a central concept in chemistry and is often exemplified by the pKa values of acetic acid derivatives. The reduction in pKa is canonically attributed to the electron density of the carboxylate group being reduced through the inductive effect. However, wave functional theory calculations presented herein reveal that the charge density of the carboxylate group is not explained by the inductive effect. For a series of trihaloacetates (trichloro-, chlorodifluoro- and trifluoro-) we find that the trichloro group has the greatest reduction on the charge density of the carboxylate oxygen atoms; change in charge density is inversely related to substituent electronegativity. These puzzling results are experimentally supported by investigating three independent systems: literature gas phase acidities, specific ion effects in a model thermoresponsive polymer system, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of haloalkanes. Changes in the solubility of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), PNIPAM due to the presence of different (substituted) acetates allows for ionic charge densities to be examined. These studies confirmed the unexpected charge density and substituent-electronegativity relationship. Further analysis of literature showed anomalous charge densities for haloalkanes with 13C NMR spectroscopy and gas phase acidity of polyatomic acids. In summary, these independent results show that the induction effect does not explain pKa trends across the haloacetic acids.