Factors Influencing Outcomes of Trauma Patients Transferred in Trauma Systems by Air or Ground Ambulance: A Systematic Review.

Objectives: This systematic review aims to determine the effectiveness of ambulance transportation versus helicopter transportation on mortality for trauma patients.

Methods: A systematic review of published and unpublished databases (to August 2023) was performed. Studies, reporting mortality, for people who experienced trauma and were transported to a trauma unit by ambulance or helicopter were eligible. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was employed to evaluate study quality.

Results: Of the 7,323 studies screened, 63 met the inclusion criteria. Thirty-two percent of these studies included patients with diverse injury types, while nine studies included patients across all age groups. The majority (92%) of the included data were retrospective in nature. Eighteen studies (28.57%) achieved the highest score on the Newcastle-Ottawa scale suggesting high-quality evidence. Seven studies examining 24-h mortality reported variable findings. Eighteen studies reported mortality without exact time points through adjusted analyses, 17 favored air transport. Air transport showed an advantage across all subgroups in the adjusted data, while the unadjusted data presented relatively similar outcomes between the two modes of transport.

Conclusions: This systematic review found that adjusted analyses consistently favored air transport over ground transport. Unadjusted analyses showed no significant difference between the two modes of transport, except in specific subgroups. Further subgroup analyses revealed notable disparities between the two modalities, suggesting that these differences may be influenced by multiple factors. These findings highlight the need for further research to clarify the true impact of transport modality on trauma outcomes.