Cascading failure dynamics on higher-order networks with load redistribution.

The phenomenon of load redistribution in complex networks has garnered extensive attention due to its profound impact and widespread occurrence. In recent years, higher-order structures have offered new insights into understanding the structures and dynamic processes of complex networks. However, the influence of these higher-order structures on the dynamics of load redistribution, cascade failures, and recovery processes remains to be fully explored. In this study, we propose the load redistribution model with higher-order structures and recovery strategies of cascade failure based on functional upgrading and reconstruction mechanisms. In the cascading failure process with load redistribution and higher-order recovery strategies, we find that higher-order structures can induce a discontinuous phase transition at the low proportion of load redistribution, and the dynamic process displays a dual character of being robust yet fragile. These findings have been examined in both real and classical modeled networks. Interestingly, the largest connected component exhibits three distinct modes as the attack ratio increases at high densities of higher-order structures and recovery mechanisms.