Linkage to care and prevention after HIV self-testing: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction

Effective linkage to prevention and care is a crucial step following HIV testing services. This systematic review aimed to determine the proportion of individuals linked to prevention and care after HIV self-testing (HIVST) and describe factors associated with linkage.

Methods

Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search across eight databases (2010–October 2023) identified studies on linkage to care after HIVST, defined as receiving a confirmatory test or initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) if the self-test was reactive, and/or pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) if the self-test was non-reactive. A random-effects meta-analysis summarized the findings and meta-regression explored study-level covariates, such as world region, population type and service delivery model, that might explain the between-study heterogeneity.

Results

From 10,071 screened studies, 173 were included in the meta-analysis. The majority of studies focused on key populations in Africa using unassisted, oral fluid-based HIVST kits. Among those with reactive HIVST results, 92% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 88–95) were linked to confirmatory testing (n = 124 studies), and 89% (95% CI: 84–93) of newly diagnosed individuals initiated ART (n = 88 studies). Overall, 84% (95% CI: 74–93) of self-testers were linked to care (n = 69 studies). However, only 9% (95% CI: 2–19) of individuals with non-reactive HIVST results were linked to PrEP services (n = 9 studies). Assisted HIVST was associated with higher linkage rates to confirmatory testing and ART initiation compared to unassisted testing. Meta-regression revealed that the type of delivery model for the HIVST kits influenced linkage and that individuals who obtained their HIVST kits through a social network-based approach (SNA) were more likely to be linked to confirmatory testing (adjusted odds ratio = 1.28 [95% CI: 1.10–1.50], p = 0.001) compared to non-SNA service delivery model.

Discussion

In the context of expanding HIVST services globally, we found that linkage to confirmatory testing and ART initiation after HIVST is generally high, particularly when assisted HIVST or SNA-based distribution is used.

Conclusions

Strengthening timely linkage is vital for improving health outcomes, reducing HIV transmission and achieving the UNAIDS 95-95-95 goal. Ongoing research and collaboration with community-based organizations are needed to overcoming barriers and ensuring positive outcomes for those using HIVST.

PROSPERO Number

CRD42022357570.