Fluoride Clusterfullerenes: Tuning Metal–Metal Bonding and Magnetic Properties via Single Fluorine Atom Doping

Endohedral fullerenes are known for their exceptional ability to host metal clusters that contain unique bonding motifs. In this study, we report a facile strategy to synthesize a new family of clusterfullerenes, fluoride clusterfullerenes (FCFs). This work demonstrates that actinides and rare earth metals as well as alkaline earth metals can be encapsulated within a variety of fullerene cages, and these fullerenes can be obtained in their pristine form without additional functionalization methods. Notably, Th₂F@I_h(7)-C₈₀ and CaScF@C_s(6)-C₈₂ were isolated and their molecular structures and magnetic properties were characterized by X-ray single-crystal diffraction and multiple spectroscopic techniques as well as DFT calculations. These findings reveal that the unique internal addition of a single fluorine atom significantly alters the metal–metal bonding interactions of Th–Th and Ca–Sc. While Th₂@I_h(7)-C₈₀ hosts a σ² Th–Th bond, an unprecedented actinide–actinide (Th–Th) single electron metal–metal bond is formed inside Th₂F@I_h(7)-C₈₀ upon the internal addition of fluoride. Similarly, while a Ca–Sc single electron bond exists in CaSc@C_s(6)-C₈₂, which exhibits excellent molecular qubit properties, the addition of fluoride transforms the compound into a singlet. The present study not only highlights the successful synthesis of a novel family of FCFs, which will likely be an extensive family, it also shows that fluorine doping can induce novel metal–metal bonding motifs leading to potentially intriguing magnetic properties.