Miniaturized device to measure urease activity in the soil interstitial fluid using wenner method

This paper presents a microdevice developed to measure the electrical conductivity of a liquid or a saturated porous medium using Wenner method. It is developed in the context of biocementation as soil improvement technique, which is used in Civil Engineering applications to produce calcium carbonate through bacterial or enzymatic activity, replacing the use of other binder materials such as cement or resins, and therefore reducing carbon footprint. The microdevice was used to measure urease activity in the soil interstitial fluid, to investigate if bacterial activity could be affected by the presence of the particles and tortuosity from pore geometry. Such analysis is important to understand biocementation mechanism inside the soil and helps to improve the design of such treatment solutions. The device is basically a squared reservoir printed in polypropylene using a 3D printing machine, incorporating stainless steel electrodes in its base. The electrical resistivity was computed adopting Wenner method, by connecting 4 PCB electrodes to a signal generator and an oscilloscope for measuring the voltage when a AC current of 1 mA was applied. Both square and sinusoidal waves with 5 kHz frequency were selected among other frequencies. The measurements were adjusted during the calibration of the microdevice, done using standard salt solutions with known electrical conductivity measured using an electrical conductivity probe. For the bacterial activity measurements, the bacterial and urea solutions were added to a uniform-graded size quarzitic sand (average diameter 0.3 mm) placed inside the microdevice and covering completely the electrodes. Bacterial activity was not affected by the presence of the sand, which confirms that this treatment is effective for this type of soils.