A highly efficient and magnetically separable Fe3O4/WO3 catalyst for the synthesis of some benzimidazoles, benzoxazoles, and benzothiazoles, serving as potential drugs to treat nephropathy diseases

Benzimidazole derivatives have shown potential in treating certain kidney diseases, renin inhibitors, and modulate inflammatory responses to address underlying mechanisms in nephropathy. Herein, Fe₃O₄/WO₃ heterojunction catalyst, derived from the reducing aqueous extract of Plantain peel, is recommended as an innovative catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of various benzimidazoles, benzoxazoles, and benzothiazoles in mild conditions. Through characterization methods like XRD, EDS, TEM, FE-SEM, VSM, DRS, XPS, and FT-IR, its structure and properties are understood. This cutting-edge protocol showcases high yield across a broad range of substrates, all while being eco-friendly and efficient. Moreover, the catalyst exhibited remarkable stability over five cycles, illustrating its reusability without compromising catalytic efficiency. The hot filtration test further underlines its stability in the reaction medium. We believe that Fe₃O₄/WO₃ catalyst offers several advantages in the synthesis of benzimidazoles, benzoxazoles, and benzothiazoles, including enhanced catalytic activity that promotes efficient formation of the desired heterocyclic compounds compared to many reported protocols. Furthermore, its magnetic properties guarantee high reusability and a straightforward work up by using an external magnet. This feature facilitates its reuse in multiple synthesis cycles, ultimately reducing waste and lowering costs. In addition, the Fe₃O₄/WO₃ catalyst operates under mild conditions, minimizing the need for harsh reagents and contributing to a more environmental-friendly synthesis. With cost-effectiveness and easy recovery of the catalyst, this approach sets a new approach for the sustainable and efficient synthesis of substituted benzimidazoles, benzoxazoles, and benzothiazoles.