Role of Ag Nanowires: MXenes in Optimizing Flexible, Semitransparent Bifacial Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells for Building-Integrated Photovoltaics: A SCAPS-1D Modeling Approach

Semi-transparent perovskite solar cells (ST-PSCs) offer a promising pathway for use in building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems instead of conventional panels’ roofs. Furthermore, their potential for bifacial operation, allowing light absorption from both sides, creates new opportunities for their integration as solar cells windows, and greatly improves energy harvesting capacities. This combination of bifaciality and flexibility enhances their efficiency and adaptability, making them well-suited for integration into various architectural elements. Herein, in this study, the performance of 40 different configurations of bifacial flexible semi-transparent inverted perovskite solar cells (BF-STIPSCs) is explored. Using SCAPS-1D (version 3.3.11), a 3D-perovskite (PVK) absorber layer is modeled and combined with polymer-based electron transport layers (ETLs) such as C₆₀ and BCP, along with innovative hole transport layers (HTLs) including D-PBTTT-14, Me-4PACz, NiOx, PANI, Poly-TPD, PATAA, SrCuO₂, V₂O₅. Various transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) including IWO, ITO, and FTO, and flexible substrates such as silver nanowires (AgNWs) with two-dimensional transition carbide (MXene: T₂CF₂) are also examined for their effects on the cells' bifaciality, transparency, and stability. Among the configurations, PET/Ag NWs:MXenes /SrCuO₂/(FAPbI₃)_0.95(MAPbBr₃)_0.05/C₆₀/BCP/FTO is identified as a high-performance structure, achieving a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of ≈26%, along with enhanced resilience to temperature variations. These results hold great promise for the integration of perovskite-based semitransparent bifacial flexible solar cells into real-world applications.