Image charge effects under metal and dielectric boundary conditions.

The image charge (IC) effect is a fundamental problem in electrostatics. However, proper treatment at the continuum level for many-ion systems, such as electrolyte solutions or ionic liquids, remains an open theoretical question. Here, we demonstrate and systematically compare the IC effects under metal and dielectric boundary conditions (BCs), based on a renormalized Gaussian-fluctuation theory. Our calculations for a simple 1:1 symmetric electrolyte in the point-charge approximation show that the double-layer structure, capacitance, and interaction forces between like-charged plates depend strongly on the types of boundaries, even in the weak-coupling regime. Like-charge attraction is predicted for both metal and dielectric BCs. Finally, we comment on the effects of a dielectrically saturated solvent layer on the metal surface. We provide these results to serve as a baseline for comparison with more realistic molecular dynamics simulations and experiments.