Observation of chromatographic differences by non-specialist viewers for one-dimensional gas chromatography and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography output

In the context of forensic investigations, chromatography is used to characterize a sample’s components, providing a chemical pattern to compare with known references which is often presented to individuals without specialized training in analytical chemistry. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) has recently become popular in forensic research for analyzing samples such as fire debris samples, drugs, chemical threats, human remains detection, and more. New methods are developed in forensic research regularly, which challenge our view of what may be increasingly complex to convey through scientific communication. This study investigated individuals’ ability to observe differences in images for non-chromatographic photographs, one-dimensional gas chromatography (GC) chromatograms, and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) contour plots. The goal was to identify whether comparative observations between two outputs were facilitated or hindered when observing GC chromatograms compared to GC×GC contour plots, using photographs as a control. Participants indicated low difficulty in finding differences between pairs of images in all categories. They scored highly at indicating when two images were distinguishable or indistinguishable, with no significant difference between control images and each category. These results support that GC×GC output can be implemented in expert testimony without challenges over traditional one-dimensional techniques. Ongoing research should avoid statements that GC×GC may facilitate or hinder juror comprehension, as the results currently indicate no significant benefit or drawback. Additional research is needed to improve understanding of how technique explanation could aid expert witness testimony to better evaluate how this increasingly common technique will fit into future forensic casework opportunities.