Harnessing durable antimicrobial cellulose cotton fabric coated with silver nanoparticles via a green approach for photocatalytic applications

Growing concern regarding microbial infections has prompted significant research into antimicrobial textiles. This study presents a green, eco-friendly approach to imparting antimicrobial properties to cellulose cotton fabric (CCF) by depositing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using Bryophyllum pinnatum (BP) leaf extract as a natural reducing agent. To improve the durability of AgNPs on CCF, an environmentally friendly method was used to synthesize AgNPs, which were subsequently applied to biocompatible CCF using BP leaf extract as a natural reducing agent. Owing to the presence of phytochemicals, the AgNPs were rapidly produced with a uniform size and shape under ambient conditions. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using techniques such as ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrophotometry, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis to confirm their size (average size 60.4 ± 8.5 nm), morphology, and crystalline structure. Subsequently, the CCF was coated with these AgNPs using an eco-friendly deposition method. The mechanical properties of the treated fabric were assessed to ensure that the coating process did not compromise the fabric’s integrity or safety for human use. The results indicated that the CCF–BP–AgNPs retained its mechanical strength and exhibited no cytotoxic effects, regarding it suitable for various applications in healthcare, apparel, and household textiles. The antibacterial activity of the CCF–BP–AgNPs was evaluated by measuring zone inhibition against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. The photocatalytic activity of the coated cloth was assessed by observing the breakdown of organic dye Congo Red (CR) in simulated sunlight. Interestingly, the CCF–BP–AgNPs demonstrated effective photocatalytic degradation of CR, revealing its potential for wastewater treatment and environmental remediation applications. The fabric’s antimicrobial properties remained intact throughout the photocatalytic process, enabling disinfection and pollutant breakdown to occur simultaneously.