Quantifying supply and demand of cultural ecosystem services from a dynamic perspective

This study introduces a dynamic perspective to assess Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) supply and demand, addressing the limitations of previous research. We take a park as a case study, paying special attention to key CES types such as aesthetics, recreation, social relations, and education. We employed various data acquisition methods, including behavioral observations, and public participatory Geographic Information System mapping to collect data. Our research revealed that the park primarily offers aesthetics and recreational services, while the provision of social relations and educational services is relatively limited. This emphasizes the need for urban park planning to address a wider range of diverse needs, including social relations and educational activities. Furthermore, the study uncovers how the supply-demand ratios of different CES types vary throughout the day, offering valuable insights for the effective allocation of resources and their rational arrangement. The broad applicability and dynamic perspective of this method open up new possibilities for CES assessment in various contexts. This innovative method provides fresh perspectives and tools for urban planning and environmental management, allowing decision-makers to better meet the diverse CES needs of human societies.