Systematic Review of Generative Modelling Tools and Utility Metrics for Fully Synthetic Tabular Data

Sharing data with third parties is essential for advancing science, but it is becoming more and more difficult with the rise of data protection regulations, ethical restrictions, and growing fear of misuse. Fully synthetic data, which transcends anonymisation, may be the key to unlocking valuable untapped insights stored away in secured data vaults. This review examines current synthetic data generation methods and their utility measurement. We found that more traditional generative models such as Classification and Regression Tree models alongside Bayesian Networks remain highly relevant and are still capable of surpassing deep learning alternatives like Generative Adversarial Networks. However, our findings also display the same lack of agreement on metrics for evaluation, uncovered in earlier reviews, posing a persistent obstacle to advancing the field. We propose a tool for evaluating the utility of synthetic data and illustrate how it can be applied to three synthetic data generation models. By streamlining evaluation and promoting agreement on metrics, researchers can explore novel methods and generate compelling results that will convince data curators and lawmakers to embrace synthetic data. Our review emphasises the potential of synthetic data and highlights the need for greater collaboration and standardisation to unlock its full potential.