Comprehensive evaluation of skin exposure to PBDEs and PCBs in diverse South China populations via dermal wipe sampling.

This study analyzed skin wipe samples from the forehead, palm, forearm, and lower leg of 120 volunteers across different age groups-preschoolers, thresholders, middle-aged, and elderly-with each group comprising 30 individuals with a balanced sex ratio from a city in South China. The research aimed to assess the occurrence, concentration, and associated health risks of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) adsorbed onto human skin from environmental sources. We identified 13 PBDE congeners and 10 PCB congeners across all samples, with average detection frequencies of 48% for PBDEs and 16% for PCBs, with concentrations ranging from non-detectable (ND) to 4200 and ND to 2300 ng/m², respectively. Skin concentrations of both PBDEs and PCBs decreased in the order of face > hand > arm > shank (ANOVA, P < 0.001), suggesting higher exposure to uncovered skin areas than to those covered by clothing, regardless of age or sex. The daily average dose of dermal (DAD_derm) and oral (DAD_oral) for PBDEs spanned from 7.0 × 10^-4-0.19 ng/kg/d and ND-15 ng/kg/d, respectively, whereas the PCB exposure doses ranged from ND-7.8 ng/kg/d (DAD_derm) and ND-2.0 ng/kg/d (DAD_oral), respectively. Preschool children displayed notably higher DAD_oral levels than the other groups (P < 0.0001), which was attributed to their more frequent hand-to-mouth activity. Preschool boys exhibiting a higher DAD_derm (P < 0.05) and both preschool boys and university women showing elevated DAD_oral levels (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). Health risk assessments concluded that the carcinogenic risks from BDE209 and PCBs were within acceptable limits (10^-4) for all sampled populations.