Biomarkers to Differentiate Acute Chest Syndrome From Vaso-Occlusive Crisis in Children With Sickle Cell Disease.

Background: Acute Chest Syndrome (ACS) is the leading cause of death in children with sickle cell disease (SCD) in the US-about half of the children who develop ACS present initially with pain.

Methods: Here, we studied biomarkers to differentiate ACS from vaso-occlusive crises (VOC) in children with SCD who presented with pain to the emergency department (ED). We conducted a prospective cohort study of consecutive patients who presented to the ED with pain and were discharged with ACS or VOC between March, 2017 and February, 2020.

Results: We identified 7 patients with ACS and 19 patients with VOC. The two groups were comparable in age and sex. All patients with ACS had asthma versus 42% of the VOC group. The ACS group had lower weight and BMI z-scores. Patients with ACS compared to VOC had significantly higher respiratory rates, lower O₂ saturation, and longer hospital stays. They also had higher white blood cell count, glucose level (> 99 mg/dL), anion gap (> 9 mEq/L), sPLA2 (> 7 pg/mL), IFN-γ (> 17.8 pg/mL), IL-10 (1.54 pg/mL), and IL-12 (> 0.5 pg/mL) levels.

Conclusions: We identified biomarkers associated with ACS development in children with SCD presenting with pain that allow for earlier ACS interventions to reduce mortality and morbidity.