Evaluating the environmental impacts of land use change in the conservation area of Indonesian National Park using life cycle assessment

The Karimunjawa National Park (KNP) conservation area is facing the challenge of evolving land use change, which can potentially cause substantial environmental impact. This study examines the potential environmental impact of emissions from land use change on three major Island using methods released by the European Commission in 2010, as well as the potential environmental impact in nine stations using OpenLCA 2.0 software with the Ecoinvent 3.8 database. Impact assessment method utilized CML-IA baseline and EPS 2015d. The results of this study indicate significant emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) linked to land-use changes. Karimunjawa and Kemujan Island exhibit the highest emissions, at 32,424.07 t${\mathrm{CO}}_2$. Offsetting these emissions would necessitate mangrove planting encompassing 4.01 ha. Nyamuk and Parang Islands follow with emissions of 19,269.98 t${\mathrm{CO}}_2$ and 18,473.92 t${\mathrm{CO}}_2$, requiring 2.38 ha and 2.28 ha of mangrove restoration for net zero emissions, respectively. The study also reveals environmental impacts and their main contributors, namely Eutrophication is 3.98E-6 kg ${\mathrm{PO}}_4$--- eq and the main kontributor is Phosphorus (P); Marine ecotoxicity is 2.14E+01 kg 1.4-DB eq and the main cause is Cobalt (Co) at Menjangan Besar Island (C1 Station). The highest environmental impact is on Kemujan Island (B1 Station) and Menjangan Besar Island (C1 Station). Then, species extinction is 1.19E-21 NEX and the primary kontributor is Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) at Kemujan Island (B1 Station). It is imperative to halt the conversion of mangrove land into fishponds in KNP to mitigate the effects of environmental damage.