Provider perspectives on maternal care challenges for Black and Latine Women in Indiana: a qualitative interview study.

Indiana consistently ranks among the states with the highest maternal and infant mortality in the United States, particularly affecting Black and Latine communities, endangering their right to safe and respectful maternal care. Providers working with these communities are crucial in identifying challenges faced by their clients, and to inform programmes and policies. We interviewed 32 clinical and community-based providers to understand their perspectives on the challenges faced by their Black and Latine clients from February to April 2021. Participants were identified through online sources and referrals. Interviews, conducted over online video, were recorded, transcribed, and analysed following a six-step thematic approach. Six areas of challenges emerged: non-medical infrastructure and policy problems, effects of systemic racism and bias, insecurity of the Latine community, dissatisfaction with maternal care delivery, issues in navigating maternal healthcare, and limitations to holistic models of care. The results demonstrate the interconnected structural, organisational, and interpersonal nature of the challenges. Though challenges were described at structural and organisational levels, the focus of state maternal care programs is largely at personal and interpersonal levels. Obstetric racism, citizenship restrictions, shortage of Black and Latine providers, and transportation issues are complex problems, requiring multilevel interventions and policies to ensure Black and Latine women can exercise their right to safe and respectful maternal care. A rights-based approach centring the needs of Black, Latine and other minoritised communities should be implemented to make effective changes with an equity focus.