Review: A theoretical framework to define foraging behaviour syndromes in ruminants using wearable technologies.

Due to intensification processes that have had negative impacts on environmental externalities, pastoral farmers, worldwide, are facing increasing scrutiny and pressure from consumers, governments, and the public to reduce the environmental footprint of their operations. Developing tools and systems that farmers can use to maintain profitability and productivity while decreasing the negative externalities of their operations is important for the vitality of rural sectors. Capitalising on individual animal variation has been promoted as an opportunity to increase animal productivity and enhance welfare while decreasing the negative environmental impacts of pastoral farming. Of particular interest are behaviours that are associated with foraging, as these are the primary drivers of variation in animal performance in pastoral farming. Developing a methodology that can identify consistent foraging behavioural variations across individuals is a critical step in making this a practical solution for farmers and herders. As with all behavioural research, the fundamental challenge is selecting the appropriate behaviours to measure. Understanding the contextual drivers of behavioural expression is a major development in this process. Herd management and composition, environmental variables and many more contexts alter the expression of behaviours, so how do we capture behaviours of interest? We propose the use of a systematic methodology to capture behaviours of significance from large groups of foraging ruminants using wearable technology, namely Global Positioning System and accelerometers. This contrasts with traditional reductionist methodologies used in behaviour research and has the benefit of providing large objective datasets from undisturbed animals. Statistical analysis of the data will inform behaviours of interest that are clustered together to inform a three-factor foraging behaviour syndrome model adapted from the animal five-factor model (activity, aggression, boldness, exploration, sociability) of personality. Syndromes, unlike personalities, include correlated suites of behaviours that are expressed across spatial and temporal contexts. By capturing foraging behaviour syndromes, selection can be used to match appropriate syndromes to different pastoral farming landscapes, thereby potentially improving the system's productivity while reducing their negative environmental impact.