Culicoides biting midges in urban areas of northern Spain.

Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are known vectors of multiple arboviruses of veterinary and medical importance, as well as avian haemosporidian parasites. Despite their significant role as vectors, the distribution of Culicoides species in non-farmland habitats remains largely unknown. We conducted a study to assess the species community composition, abundance, and host feeding patterns of Culicoides biting midges in urban ecosystems in northern Spain. Light-baited suction traps were operated biweekly for 6 months across six urban landscapes (three cemeteries and three green areas). In total, 181 Culicoides specimens of 18 species were morphologically identified, with the Obsoletus complex being predominant (43.% of the total catches), followed by Culicoides kibunensis (21.5%). Culicoides midges peaked in early June in green areas and in May in cemeteries. Host feeding patterns revealed avian preferences (mainly Turdus spp.) in four Culicoides species. Despite the low overall number of specimens collected, a high diversity of biting midge species was recorded. These findings offer critical insights into Culicoides ecology and their interactions with hosts in urban settings, which are vital for disease surveillance and management strategies.