Proton therapy for pediatric malignancies: Indications and challenges focusing on the oncological landscape.

Advances in therapeutic techniques and multimodal approaches have significantly improved the success rates of treatment for pediatric malignancies, with cure rates now close to 80%. This has led to an increase in long-term survival, with 0.10-0.15% of the general population being survivors of childhood cancer. In Italy, cancer registry data suggest that 75% of treated children become long-term survivors. However, these survivors face significant risks of late adverse events, including chronic diseases and severe conditions, highlighting the need for specialized follow-up care.Radiotherapy, a cornerstone of pediatric cancer treatment, contributes to late toxicities due to the susceptibility of growing tissues. Proton therapy offers advantages in reducing treatment-related toxicity, reducing the risk of secondary cancers, and allowing dose escalation for radioresistant tumors. Comparative studies suggest that proton therapy is superior in sparing healthy tissues and reducing long-term toxicities.Despite these benefits, challenges such as the high cost, limited proton therapy centers, and the need for clinical trials hinder the widespread adoption of proton therapy. Efforts to centralize care in high-ranking centers and ensure equitable access to proton therapy are crucial. In Italy, pediatric solid tumors are now eligible for proton therapy under national health policies, ensuring free access for all children.Dedicated proton therapy centers must provide comprehensive care involving multidisciplinary teams and supportive environments for pediatric patients and their families. Addressing current limitations and enhancing care environments are essential for improving outcomes for pediatric oncology patients.