Fungi as versatile biocatalytic tool for treatment of textile wastewater effluents

Textile wastewater poses a significant environmental challenge, primarily due to the presence of diverse contaminants, especially textile dyes. Untreated release of these effluents directly into aquatic systems can lead to esthetic degradation, eutrophication, reduced photosynthetic activity, and accumulation of hazardous substances. Although conventional treatment methods are employed for reducing the contaminant load in effluents, they often are less efficient, thus prompting the exploration of innovative alternatives. Current review highlights myco-remediation as an inexpensive, promising and environmentally sustainable solution. Fungi, with their diverse decontamination mechanisms such as biosorption, biotransformation, and immobilization, prove effective in reducing heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, and emerging contaminant levels present in these effluents, However, more research effort is needed to apply the biodegradation strategy to decompose completely the “forever chemicals” per‐ and polyfluorinated alkyl substances. Fungi play a key role in degrading and decolorizing textile dyes due to their biocatalytic activity mediated by the production of oxidative enzymes, such as laccases, lignin peroxidases, and manganese peroxidases, as well as their dye adsorption capabilities. This comprehensive review concentrates on fungi-based remediation of textile wastewater effluents, including the mechanisms they employ. While most studies concentrate on effluent treatment, this review also explores the concurrent utilization of biomass and growth kinetics for efficient reduction in pollutant concentrations. Further, the current work showed data on optimization of growth conditions such as pH, temperature and nutrient requirements that lead to efficient effluent decontamination.