Near-Field Communications: A Comprehensive Survey

Multiple-antenna technologies are evolving towards larger aperture sizes, extremely high frequencies, and innovative antenna types. This evolution is fostering the emergence of near-field communications (NFC) in future wireless systems. Considerable attention has been directed towards this cutting-edge technology due to its potential to enhance the capacity of wireless networks by introducing increased spatial degrees of freedom (DoFs) in the range domain. Within this context, a comprehensive review of the state of the art on NFC is presented, with a specific focus on its i) fundamental operating principles, ii) channel modeling, iii) performance analysis, iv) signal processing techniques, and v) integration with other emerging applications. Specifically, i) the basic principles of NFC are characterized from both physics and communications perspectives, unveiling its unique properties in contrast to far-field communications. ii) Building on these principles, deterministic and stochastic near-field channel models are explored for spatially-discrete (SPD) and continuous-aperture (CAP) arrays. iii) Based on these models, existing contributions to near-field performance analysis are reviewed in terms of DoFs/effective DoFs (EDoFs), the power scaling law, and transmission rate. iv) Existing signal processing techniques for NFC are systematically surveyed, which include channel estimation, beamforming design, and low-complexity beam training. v) Major issues and research opportunities in incorporating near-field models into other promising technologies are identified to advance NFC’s deployment in next-generation networks. Throughout this paper, promising directions are highlighted to inspire future research endeavors in the realm of NFC, underscoring its significance in the advancement of wireless communication technologies.