HFE 基因突变对特发性红细胞增多症患者血栓风险的影响:单中心研究

EJHaem Pub Date : 2024-10-04 DOI:10.1002/jha2.1019
Irene Bertozzi, Andrea Benetti, Elisabetta Cosi, Martina Zerbinati, Cecilia Fortino, Maria Luigia Randi, Paolo Simioni
{"title":"HFE 基因突变对特发性红细胞增多症患者血栓风险的影响:单中心研究","authors":"Irene Bertozzi,&nbsp;Andrea Benetti,&nbsp;Elisabetta Cosi,&nbsp;Martina Zerbinati,&nbsp;Cecilia Fortino,&nbsp;Maria Luigia Randi,&nbsp;Paolo Simioni","doi":"10.1002/jha2.1019","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>Idiopathic erythrocytosis (IE) is characterized by an increase in red blood cell mass without an identified cause. Diagnosis of IE is based on exclusion of all the known forms of primary and secondary acquired erythrocytosis and various congenital primary and secondary polycythaemias [<span>1-3</span>]. Recent studies have demonstrated a genetic complexity of IE, detecting the presence of several genetic variants in genes involved or suspected of being involved in erythrocytosis [<span>4, 5</span>]. In particular, <i>HFE</i> mutations are frequently observed in patients with IE, postulating that iron metabolism impairment is a possible underlying cause for erythrocytosis [<span>6, 7</span>].</p><p>IE shows a peculiar clinical phenotype (male, young, isolated erythrocytosis), a trend for a stable disease with no tendency to spontaneous progression to myelofibrosis or acute leukaemia, but a relevant risk of thrombosis, especially arterial events, also in young patients [<span>5, 8, 9</span>]. To date, no clear factors related to the increased thrombotic risk in IE have been established, therefore current therapeutic indications are aimed only at the management of cardiovascular risk factors. It has been shown that high haematocrit independently promotes arterial thrombosis by increasing the rate of platelet deposition and thrombus growth in spite of the absence of a clonal disease [<span>10</span>], but the role of mutational status in thrombotic risk assessment has never been explored in patients with IE.</p><p>We studied 100 patients referred to our department, with a diagnosis of IE and an available complete medical history, including common cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia and active smoking). None of them carried <i>JAK2</i> V617F or exon 12 mutations [<span>1</span>]. Congenital primary and secondary polycythaemias were excluded in the absence of a familial pattern (i.e., at least one relative with erythrocytosis) and known mutations in <i>EPO-R</i> or Oxygen Sensing Pathway genes [<span>2, 3</span>]. A targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel for patients with unexplained erythrocytosis was set up, including genes involved or suspected to be involved in erythrocytosis (Supporting information). Clinical and laboratory data of the patients are shown in Table 1.</p><p>All patients gave written informed consent. The protocol was approved by the local Institutional Ethical Committee (Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, ref: 3922/AO/16). The study was conducted in compliance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The statistical tests adopted were logistic regression model for univariate and bivariate analysis and Cox regression model for survival analysis. Survival curve has been prepared with Kaplan–Meier method and compared with log rank test.</p><p>Sixty-seven (67%) patients carry at least one gene variant detected by the NGS study (Table S1). Forty-seven (47%) patients carry at least a mutation of <i>HFE</i> (30 heterozygous and 3 homozygous for H63D variant, 7 heterozygous for C282Y mutation, 2 heterozygous for C65S mutation, 3 compound heterozygous C282Y/H63D, 1 H63D/C65S and 1 C282Y/C65S). No differences in clinical and laboratory parameters have been found comparing patients with or without at least one gene variant detectable in the NGS study. Furthermore, among mutated patients no difference has been observed comparing clinical and laboratory parameters of the different detected variants. We observed 15 vascular events, 11 arterial (6 acute MI, 3 TIA, and 2 ischemic stroke) and 4 venous (2 DVT and 2 PE) thromboses in 13 patients (13%). In nine patients thrombotic event occurs at diagnosis or first evidence of erythrocytosis, in the other four during follow-up after a median time of 4.84 years. Total thrombosis rate in our cohort was 2.51 events*100 pats/years. In univariate analysis, patients with thrombotic complications were older (median age 64 vs. 56 y; <i>p</i> = 0.007, OR 1.071, CI 95% 1.02–1.13), had higher haematocrit (53 vs. 51%; <i>p</i> = 0.027, OR 1.31, CI 95% 1.03–1.66) and higher prevalence of <i>HFE</i> mutations [10 (77%) vs. 34 (39%), <i>p</i> = 0.028, OR 4.61, CI95% 1.18–18.02], while no difference has been reported in gender, haemoglobin and ferritin levels and prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (Table S2). In bivariate analysis, both the presence of at least one <i>HFE</i> mutation (<i>p</i> = 0.043, OR 4.31, CI 95% 1.05–17.77) and older age at diagnosis (<i>p</i> = 0.011, OR 1.066, CI 95% 1.02–1.12) have been confirmed as risk factors for thrombosis. No difference was demonstrated in the occurrence of thrombotic complications comparing mutated and unmutated patients considering all detected variants in NGS, but stratifying patients on the basis of <i>HFE</i> mutational status (47 patients with at least one <i>HFE</i> mutation vs. 53 <i>HFE</i> wild-type patients) we found a significantly higher frequency of thrombotic complications in patients with at least one <i>HFE</i> mutation (<i>n</i> = 10, 21.3%) compared to all <i>HFE</i> wild-type patients (<i>n</i> = 3, 5.7%; <i>p</i> 0.03). Patients with and without <i>HFE</i> mutation had similar parameters at diagnosis and similar prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. <i>HFE</i> mutated and wild-type patients showed an incidence of thrombosis of 4.4 and 1.28 events*100, respectively, with a relative risk of 3.44. Patients with <i>HFE</i> mutations showed a worse thrombosis-free survival compared to the wild-type patients (<i>p</i> 0.02; Figure 1), this observation was confirmed also in Cox regression analysis (<i>p</i> = 0.041, HR 5.04, CI 95% 1.07–23.80).</p><p>IE is an indolent disease with a relevant thrombotic risk, lower than polycythaemia vera but higher than the general population [<span>8</span>]. In other forms of erythrocytosis, specific mutations have been shown to affect thrombotic risk assessment [<span>11</span>], but to date the role of mutational status in vascular complications of patients with IE has not yet been evaluated. The impact of <i>HFE</i> mutation on thrombotic risk has been evaluated in other cohorts. <i>HFE</i> mutations, in particular the C282Y mutation, do not seem to worsen both arterial and venous thrombotic risk in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis [<span>12, 13</span>]. Furthermore, it has been reported that the presence of <i>HFE</i> mutations does not impact thrombotic risk in patients with hereditary thrombophilia related to the presence of factor V Leiden [<span>14, 15</span>].</p><p>Although high haematocrit is certainly one of the promoters of increased thrombotic risk in patients with IE compared to the general population [<span>8, 10</span>], our study suggests that the presence of <i>HFE</i> mutations may be an additional risk factor for thrombotic complications, which in our series leads to a more than four-fold increase in thrombotic risk. The mechanism behind this finding is unclear. Considering that patients with hereditary hemochromatosis do not appear to have an increased thrombotic risk [<span>12-15</span>], the combined effect of dysregulation of iron metabolism due to <i>HFE</i> mutation and increased haematocrit may play a role. To date, it seems premature to recommend, in daily clinical practice, the inclusion of screening for <i>HFE</i> mutations in the diagnostic work-up of patients with IE. However, our observations, if confirmed on larger series, may improve risk stratification in order to achieve a more tailored diagnostic and therapeutic approach in patients with IE.</p><p>Irene Bertozzi and Andrea Benetti conceived the study, collected clinical data and wrote the paper. Elisabetta Cosi, Cecilia Fortino and Martina Zerbinati collected clinical data. Maria Luigia Randi and Paolo Simioni conceived the study, supervised research activities and wrote the paper.</p><p>The authors declare no conflicts of interest.</p><p>The authors received no specific funding for this work.</p><p>Informed consent has been obtained from patients included in the study.</p>","PeriodicalId":72883,"journal":{"name":"EJHaem","volume":"5 5","pages":"1086-1088"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jha2.1019","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Impact of HFE mutations on thrombotic risk in patients with idiopathic erythrocytosis: A single-centre study\",\"authors\":\"Irene Bertozzi,&nbsp;Andrea Benetti,&nbsp;Elisabetta Cosi,&nbsp;Martina Zerbinati,&nbsp;Cecilia Fortino,&nbsp;Maria Luigia Randi,&nbsp;Paolo Simioni\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/jha2.1019\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p>Idiopathic erythrocytosis (IE) is characterized by an increase in red blood cell mass without an identified cause. Diagnosis of IE is based on exclusion of all the known forms of primary and secondary acquired erythrocytosis and various congenital primary and secondary polycythaemias [<span>1-3</span>]. Recent studies have demonstrated a genetic complexity of IE, detecting the presence of several genetic variants in genes involved or suspected of being involved in erythrocytosis [<span>4, 5</span>]. In particular, <i>HFE</i> mutations are frequently observed in patients with IE, postulating that iron metabolism impairment is a possible underlying cause for erythrocytosis [<span>6, 7</span>].</p><p>IE shows a peculiar clinical phenotype (male, young, isolated erythrocytosis), a trend for a stable disease with no tendency to spontaneous progression to myelofibrosis or acute leukaemia, but a relevant risk of thrombosis, especially arterial events, also in young patients [<span>5, 8, 9</span>]. To date, no clear factors related to the increased thrombotic risk in IE have been established, therefore current therapeutic indications are aimed only at the management of cardiovascular risk factors. It has been shown that high haematocrit independently promotes arterial thrombosis by increasing the rate of platelet deposition and thrombus growth in spite of the absence of a clonal disease [<span>10</span>], but the role of mutational status in thrombotic risk assessment has never been explored in patients with IE.</p><p>We studied 100 patients referred to our department, with a diagnosis of IE and an available complete medical history, including common cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia and active smoking). None of them carried <i>JAK2</i> V617F or exon 12 mutations [<span>1</span>]. Congenital primary and secondary polycythaemias were excluded in the absence of a familial pattern (i.e., at least one relative with erythrocytosis) and known mutations in <i>EPO-R</i> or Oxygen Sensing Pathway genes [<span>2, 3</span>]. A targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel for patients with unexplained erythrocytosis was set up, including genes involved or suspected to be involved in erythrocytosis (Supporting information). Clinical and laboratory data of the patients are shown in Table 1.</p><p>All patients gave written informed consent. The protocol was approved by the local Institutional Ethical Committee (Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, ref: 3922/AO/16). The study was conducted in compliance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The statistical tests adopted were logistic regression model for univariate and bivariate analysis and Cox regression model for survival analysis. Survival curve has been prepared with Kaplan–Meier method and compared with log rank test.</p><p>Sixty-seven (67%) patients carry at least one gene variant detected by the NGS study (Table S1). Forty-seven (47%) patients carry at least a mutation of <i>HFE</i> (30 heterozygous and 3 homozygous for H63D variant, 7 heterozygous for C282Y mutation, 2 heterozygous for C65S mutation, 3 compound heterozygous C282Y/H63D, 1 H63D/C65S and 1 C282Y/C65S). No differences in clinical and laboratory parameters have been found comparing patients with or without at least one gene variant detectable in the NGS study. Furthermore, among mutated patients no difference has been observed comparing clinical and laboratory parameters of the different detected variants. We observed 15 vascular events, 11 arterial (6 acute MI, 3 TIA, and 2 ischemic stroke) and 4 venous (2 DVT and 2 PE) thromboses in 13 patients (13%). In nine patients thrombotic event occurs at diagnosis or first evidence of erythrocytosis, in the other four during follow-up after a median time of 4.84 years. Total thrombosis rate in our cohort was 2.51 events*100 pats/years. In univariate analysis, patients with thrombotic complications were older (median age 64 vs. 56 y; <i>p</i> = 0.007, OR 1.071, CI 95% 1.02–1.13), had higher haematocrit (53 vs. 51%; <i>p</i> = 0.027, OR 1.31, CI 95% 1.03–1.66) and higher prevalence of <i>HFE</i> mutations [10 (77%) vs. 34 (39%), <i>p</i> = 0.028, OR 4.61, CI95% 1.18–18.02], while no difference has been reported in gender, haemoglobin and ferritin levels and prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (Table S2). In bivariate analysis, both the presence of at least one <i>HFE</i> mutation (<i>p</i> = 0.043, OR 4.31, CI 95% 1.05–17.77) and older age at diagnosis (<i>p</i> = 0.011, OR 1.066, CI 95% 1.02–1.12) have been confirmed as risk factors for thrombosis. No difference was demonstrated in the occurrence of thrombotic complications comparing mutated and unmutated patients considering all detected variants in NGS, but stratifying patients on the basis of <i>HFE</i> mutational status (47 patients with at least one <i>HFE</i> mutation vs. 53 <i>HFE</i> wild-type patients) we found a significantly higher frequency of thrombotic complications in patients with at least one <i>HFE</i> mutation (<i>n</i> = 10, 21.3%) compared to all <i>HFE</i> wild-type patients (<i>n</i> = 3, 5.7%; <i>p</i> 0.03). Patients with and without <i>HFE</i> mutation had similar parameters at diagnosis and similar prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. <i>HFE</i> mutated and wild-type patients showed an incidence of thrombosis of 4.4 and 1.28 events*100, respectively, with a relative risk of 3.44. Patients with <i>HFE</i> mutations showed a worse thrombosis-free survival compared to the wild-type patients (<i>p</i> 0.02; Figure 1), this observation was confirmed also in Cox regression analysis (<i>p</i> = 0.041, HR 5.04, CI 95% 1.07–23.80).</p><p>IE is an indolent disease with a relevant thrombotic risk, lower than polycythaemia vera but higher than the general population [<span>8</span>]. In other forms of erythrocytosis, specific mutations have been shown to affect thrombotic risk assessment [<span>11</span>], but to date the role of mutational status in vascular complications of patients with IE has not yet been evaluated. The impact of <i>HFE</i> mutation on thrombotic risk has been evaluated in other cohorts. <i>HFE</i> mutations, in particular the C282Y mutation, do not seem to worsen both arterial and venous thrombotic risk in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis [<span>12, 13</span>]. 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引用次数: 0

摘要

特发性红细胞增多症(IE)的特点是红细胞增多,但没有明确的病因。诊断 IE 的基础是排除所有已知的原发性和继发性获得性红细胞增多症以及各种先天性原发性和继发性多发性红细胞增多症 [1-3]。最近的研究表明,IE 在遗传学上具有复杂性,在参与或疑似参与红细胞增多症的基因中发现了多种遗传变异[4, 5]。IE 表现出一种特殊的临床表型(男性、年轻、孤立性红细胞增多症),病情趋于稳定,没有自发发展为骨髓纤维化或急性白血病的趋势,但血栓形成的风险很高,尤其是动脉事件,年轻患者也有此风险[5, 8, 9]。迄今为止,与 IE 中血栓形成风险增加有关的明确因素尚未确定,因此目前的治疗适应症仅针对心血管风险因素的管理。有研究表明,尽管没有克隆性疾病,但高血脂会增加血小板沉积和血栓生长的速度,从而独立地促进动脉血栓形成[10],但突变状态在 IE 患者血栓风险评估中的作用还从未被探究过。我们研究了转诊到我科的 100 名患者,他们被诊断为 IE,并有完整的病史,包括常见的心血管风险因素(高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常和主动吸烟)。他们中没有人携带JAK2 V617F或第12外显子突变[1]。先天性原发性和继发性多发性红细胞增多症被排除在外,因为他们没有家族遗传模式(即至少有一名亲属患有红细胞增多症),也没有已知的EPO-R或氧感通路基因突变[2, 3]。我们为不明原因红细胞增多症患者建立了一个有针对性的下一代测序(NGS)面板,其中包括参与或疑似参与红细胞增多症的基因(佐证资料)。表 1 列出了患者的临床和实验室数据。该研究方案已获得当地机构伦理委员会(Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova,编号:3922/AO/16)的批准。研究的进行符合《赫尔辛基宣言》的原则。单变量和双变量分析采用 logistic 回归模型,生存分析采用 Cox 回归模型。67 例(67%)患者至少携带一种 NGS 研究检测到的基因变异(表 S1)。47(47%)名患者至少携带一种 HFE 变异(30 名 H63D 变异杂合子和 3 名同合子、7 名 C282Y 变异杂合子、2 名 C65S 变异杂合子、3 名复合杂合子 C282Y/H63D、1 名 H63D/C65S 和 1 名 C282Y/C65S)。与 NGS 研究中检测到或未检测到至少一种基因变异的患者相比,临床和实验室参数没有发现差异。此外,在变异患者中,比较不同检测到的变异的临床和实验室参数也未发现差异。我们在 13 名患者(13%)中观察到 15 起血管事件,11 起动脉血栓(6 起急性心肌梗死、3 起 TIA 和 2 起缺血性中风)和 4 起静脉血栓(2 起深静脉血栓和 2 起 PE)。其中 9 名患者在确诊或首次出现红细胞增多症症状时即发生血栓形成,另外 4 名患者在中位时间为 4.84 年的随访期间发生血栓形成。我们队列中的血栓形成总发生率为 2.51 例*100 件/年。在单变量分析中,出现血栓并发症的患者年龄较大(中位年龄为 64 岁对 56 岁;P = 0.007,OR 1.071,CI 95% 1.02-1.13),血细胞比容较高(53% 对 51%;P = 0.027,OR 1.31,CI 95% 1.03-1.66),遗传率较高。66)和较高的 HFE 基因突变患病率[10(77%)对 34(39%),p = 0.028,OR 4.61,CI95% 1.18-18.02],而在性别、血红蛋白和铁蛋白水平以及心血管危险因素患病率方面没有差异(表 S2)。在双变量分析中,至少存在一种 HFE 基因突变(p = 0.043,OR 4.31,CI 95% 1.05-17.77)和诊断时年龄较大(p = 0.011,OR 1.066,CI 95% 1.02-1.12)被证实为血栓形成的危险因素。考虑到 NGS 中检测到的所有变异,变异和未变异患者的血栓并发症发生率没有差异,但根据 HFE 突变状态对患者进行分层(47 名至少有一个 HFE 突变的患者与 53 名 HFE 野生型患者),我们发现至少有一个 HFE 突变的患者(n = 10,21.3%)的血栓并发症发生率明显高于所有 HFE 野生型患者(n = 3,5.7%;p 0.03)。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。

Impact of HFE mutations on thrombotic risk in patients with idiopathic erythrocytosis: A single-centre study

Impact of HFE mutations on thrombotic risk in patients with idiopathic erythrocytosis: A single-centre study

Idiopathic erythrocytosis (IE) is characterized by an increase in red blood cell mass without an identified cause. Diagnosis of IE is based on exclusion of all the known forms of primary and secondary acquired erythrocytosis and various congenital primary and secondary polycythaemias [1-3]. Recent studies have demonstrated a genetic complexity of IE, detecting the presence of several genetic variants in genes involved or suspected of being involved in erythrocytosis [4, 5]. In particular, HFE mutations are frequently observed in patients with IE, postulating that iron metabolism impairment is a possible underlying cause for erythrocytosis [6, 7].

IE shows a peculiar clinical phenotype (male, young, isolated erythrocytosis), a trend for a stable disease with no tendency to spontaneous progression to myelofibrosis or acute leukaemia, but a relevant risk of thrombosis, especially arterial events, also in young patients [5, 8, 9]. To date, no clear factors related to the increased thrombotic risk in IE have been established, therefore current therapeutic indications are aimed only at the management of cardiovascular risk factors. It has been shown that high haematocrit independently promotes arterial thrombosis by increasing the rate of platelet deposition and thrombus growth in spite of the absence of a clonal disease [10], but the role of mutational status in thrombotic risk assessment has never been explored in patients with IE.

We studied 100 patients referred to our department, with a diagnosis of IE and an available complete medical history, including common cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia and active smoking). None of them carried JAK2 V617F or exon 12 mutations [1]. Congenital primary and secondary polycythaemias were excluded in the absence of a familial pattern (i.e., at least one relative with erythrocytosis) and known mutations in EPO-R or Oxygen Sensing Pathway genes [2, 3]. A targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel for patients with unexplained erythrocytosis was set up, including genes involved or suspected to be involved in erythrocytosis (Supporting information). Clinical and laboratory data of the patients are shown in Table 1.

All patients gave written informed consent. The protocol was approved by the local Institutional Ethical Committee (Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, ref: 3922/AO/16). The study was conducted in compliance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The statistical tests adopted were logistic regression model for univariate and bivariate analysis and Cox regression model for survival analysis. Survival curve has been prepared with Kaplan–Meier method and compared with log rank test.

Sixty-seven (67%) patients carry at least one gene variant detected by the NGS study (Table S1). Forty-seven (47%) patients carry at least a mutation of HFE (30 heterozygous and 3 homozygous for H63D variant, 7 heterozygous for C282Y mutation, 2 heterozygous for C65S mutation, 3 compound heterozygous C282Y/H63D, 1 H63D/C65S and 1 C282Y/C65S). No differences in clinical and laboratory parameters have been found comparing patients with or without at least one gene variant detectable in the NGS study. Furthermore, among mutated patients no difference has been observed comparing clinical and laboratory parameters of the different detected variants. We observed 15 vascular events, 11 arterial (6 acute MI, 3 TIA, and 2 ischemic stroke) and 4 venous (2 DVT and 2 PE) thromboses in 13 patients (13%). In nine patients thrombotic event occurs at diagnosis or first evidence of erythrocytosis, in the other four during follow-up after a median time of 4.84 years. Total thrombosis rate in our cohort was 2.51 events*100 pats/years. In univariate analysis, patients with thrombotic complications were older (median age 64 vs. 56 y; p = 0.007, OR 1.071, CI 95% 1.02–1.13), had higher haematocrit (53 vs. 51%; p = 0.027, OR 1.31, CI 95% 1.03–1.66) and higher prevalence of HFE mutations [10 (77%) vs. 34 (39%), p = 0.028, OR 4.61, CI95% 1.18–18.02], while no difference has been reported in gender, haemoglobin and ferritin levels and prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (Table S2). In bivariate analysis, both the presence of at least one HFE mutation (p = 0.043, OR 4.31, CI 95% 1.05–17.77) and older age at diagnosis (p = 0.011, OR 1.066, CI 95% 1.02–1.12) have been confirmed as risk factors for thrombosis. No difference was demonstrated in the occurrence of thrombotic complications comparing mutated and unmutated patients considering all detected variants in NGS, but stratifying patients on the basis of HFE mutational status (47 patients with at least one HFE mutation vs. 53 HFE wild-type patients) we found a significantly higher frequency of thrombotic complications in patients with at least one HFE mutation (n = 10, 21.3%) compared to all HFE wild-type patients (n = 3, 5.7%; p 0.03). Patients with and without HFE mutation had similar parameters at diagnosis and similar prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. HFE mutated and wild-type patients showed an incidence of thrombosis of 4.4 and 1.28 events*100, respectively, with a relative risk of 3.44. Patients with HFE mutations showed a worse thrombosis-free survival compared to the wild-type patients (p 0.02; Figure 1), this observation was confirmed also in Cox regression analysis (p = 0.041, HR 5.04, CI 95% 1.07–23.80).

IE is an indolent disease with a relevant thrombotic risk, lower than polycythaemia vera but higher than the general population [8]. In other forms of erythrocytosis, specific mutations have been shown to affect thrombotic risk assessment [11], but to date the role of mutational status in vascular complications of patients with IE has not yet been evaluated. The impact of HFE mutation on thrombotic risk has been evaluated in other cohorts. HFE mutations, in particular the C282Y mutation, do not seem to worsen both arterial and venous thrombotic risk in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis [12, 13]. Furthermore, it has been reported that the presence of HFE mutations does not impact thrombotic risk in patients with hereditary thrombophilia related to the presence of factor V Leiden [14, 15].

Although high haematocrit is certainly one of the promoters of increased thrombotic risk in patients with IE compared to the general population [8, 10], our study suggests that the presence of HFE mutations may be an additional risk factor for thrombotic complications, which in our series leads to a more than four-fold increase in thrombotic risk. The mechanism behind this finding is unclear. Considering that patients with hereditary hemochromatosis do not appear to have an increased thrombotic risk [12-15], the combined effect of dysregulation of iron metabolism due to HFE mutation and increased haematocrit may play a role. To date, it seems premature to recommend, in daily clinical practice, the inclusion of screening for HFE mutations in the diagnostic work-up of patients with IE. However, our observations, if confirmed on larger series, may improve risk stratification in order to achieve a more tailored diagnostic and therapeutic approach in patients with IE.

Irene Bertozzi and Andrea Benetti conceived the study, collected clinical data and wrote the paper. Elisabetta Cosi, Cecilia Fortino and Martina Zerbinati collected clinical data. Maria Luigia Randi and Paolo Simioni conceived the study, supervised research activities and wrote the paper.

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

The authors received no specific funding for this work.

Informed consent has been obtained from patients included in the study.

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