Neurobehavioral and bioaccumulative toxicity in adult in-vivo zebrafish model due to prolonged cadmium exposure in the presence of ketoprofen

Increasing industrial activity causes the release of chemical compounds into aquatic habitats, including toxic heavy metals like cadmium and medications like ketoprofen, posing considerable ecological concerns. Although previous studies have shown that cadmium and ketoprofen individually cause cognitive impairment, there is a lack of information on the combined neurological effects of the two substances. We investigated the neurological consequences of persistent cadmium exposure in the presence of ketoprofen on adult zebrafish, providing an essential model for understanding cumulative impacts on vertebrate organisms. Behavioral assessments, bioaccumulation rates, biochemical studies, and histopathological exams were conducted over 42 days in authentic environmental settings. The results of our study show that cadmium (10 µg/L) and ketoprofen (10 and 100 µg/L) at environmentally relevant concentrations had a significant impact on locomotor activity, social interactions, and cognitive responses, indicating cumulative neurotoxicity in co-exposure groups compared to single pollutant groups. Biochemical tests show disturbances in antioxidant defense systems, while histological examinations reveal structural changes in zebrafish brain regions. Ketoprofen influences cadmium accumulation in the brain, underscoring the importance of conducting complete evaluations to understand the intricate interactions between environmental pollutants. This study improves our understanding of the complex interactions between heavy metals and medications, stressing the need to consider combined exposure when assessing the neurological effects on vertebrate models.