“We do these audits, but in the end, it’s useless.” How can facility-based maternal death reviews improve the quality of care in Benin?

Benin scaled up facility-based Maternal Death Reviewss (MDRs) in 2013 to address its high maternal mortality rate. This study aims to assess the extent to which facilitybased MDR captured the complex causes of maternal deaths in 2022. In this mixedmethod study, we first conducted a quantitative analysis of dysfunctions, root causes,and recommendations extracted from all facility-based MDR reports that occurred in Benin's health facilities in 2022. We calculated frequency distributions based on the systemic maternal care quality assessment framework's components and the iceberg model for system thinking's layers. Second, we conducted in-depth and informal interviews and (non)participant observations and reviewed facility-based MDR policyrelated documents. Content analysis was applied to qualitative data. facility-based MDR teams identified 1295 dysfunctions, 1216 root causes, and 1082 recommendations in facility-based MDR reports of 540 maternal deaths. One-fifth of reports were uninformative, lacking dysfunctions, root causes, or recommendations.Within the health system components, leadership and governance received the least attention regarding dysfunctions (1 %) and root causes (12 %).Most dysfunctions (87 %) and root causes (73 %) focused on the iceberg's tip, leading to reactive recommendations rather than addressing deeper systemic issues. Two main factors emerged: non-compliance with facility-based MDR requirements (time constraints, unreliable data, fear of strained provider relationships) and limitations in facility-based MDR processes (data collection and analysis tool constraints),