印度东部铃铛金属商业重镇地下土壤中潜在有毒元素的化学式和健康风险评估。

IF 3.2 3区环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Environmental Geochemistry and Health Pub Date : 2024-09-25 DOI:10.1007/s10653-024-02240-8

Tanmay Laha, Nitu Gupta, Mousumi Pal, Apurba Koley, Reginald Ebin Masto, Raza Rafiqul Hoque, Srinivasan Balachandran

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引用次数: 0

摘要

受污染的游乐场土壤会让玩家接触到有害污染物，增加呼吸道、皮肤和肠胃问题的风险，并可能影响长期健康和发育。本研究调查了位于印度东部穆尔希达巴德区的历史名镇 Khagra 的游乐场土壤样本中发现的潜在有毒元素 (PTE) 的化学形态及其对人类健康的危害。采用顺序萃取技术分析了 As、Cd、Co、Cu、Mn、Pb、Ni、Sn 和 Zn 等 PTEs 在不同组分中的分布情况：可交换组分（F1）、与碳酸盐相结合的组分（F2）、与铁和锰氧化物结合的组分（F3）、与有机物结合的组分（F4）和残留组分（F5）。操场土壤中锡的污染程度最高，IPOLL 值为 3.14，表明受到中度到重度污染，而镉、铜、锰、铅和锌则受到中度污染。所有馏分（F1-F5）中 PTE 的平均浓度依次为：铁 > 锌 > 铜 > 铅 > 锌：铁 > 锌 > 铜 > 锰 > 铅 > 锡 > 镍 > 钴 >砷 >镉。PTE 的最大亲和力及其百分比如下：铁（F5，80.6%）、砷（F5，55.31%）、镉（F5，48.8）、钴（F5，64.9%）、锰（F3，44%）、镍（F5，53.2%）、铅（F3，44.7%）、锌（F3，-43.19%）、锡（F3，55%）、铜（F5，-42.18）。砷、镉、钴、铜、铁和镍对 F5 的亲和力较高，表明其来源于地质，而锰、铅、锡和锌对 F3 的亲和力较高，表明其来源于人为。由于在高 pH 值下阳离子在铁锰氧化物上的吸附力增强，因此几乎所有 PTE 都以铁锰氧化物分区为主。操场土壤中的镉、铜、锰、镍、锡和锌的风险评估代码被归类为中度风险，低于 30%，而其他元素则没有风险。此外，还计算了每种持久性有机污染物的迁移因子，这表明持久性有机污染物容易迁移并被人体摄取、吸收或吸附的程度。在游乐场土壤中，迁移因子较高的是锡（59.89%），其次是锰（54.24%）>铅（52.91%）>锌（52.01%）>镉（39.49%）>镍（33.20%）>砷（30.39%）>钴（26.56%）>铜（21.24%）>铁（11.20%）。儿童和成人的风险危害商数依次为铅（0.263；0.040）、铜（0.098；0.015）>砷（0.056；0.008）>锰（0.045；0.009）>锌（0.36；0.05）>镉（0.006；0.001）>镍（0.004；0.001）>钴（0.001；0.0）。环境中检测到的 PTE 来自小型冶金工业（钟罩金属和黄铜）、煤炭和石油燃烧、土木工程、城市废物焚烧以及道路扬尘的逃逸性排放造成的大气沉降。摄入和皮肤接触 PTE 对人体造成的非致癌健康风险高于吸入风险。在致癌风险方面，砷的健康风险最高，为 2.51E-05，其次是镉（1.02E-09）和钴（8.14E-09）。这项研究独特地评估了操场土壤中 PTEs 的化学式，揭示了其地质来源和人为来源，并评估了相关的健康风险。政策干预对于监测和修复游乐场中的 PTEs 以保护儿童健康至关重要。

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Chemical speciation and health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in playground soil of bell metal commercial town of Eastern India.

Contaminated playground soils can expose players to harmful pollutants, increasing the risk of respiratory, skin, and gastrointestinal issues and potentially impacting long-term health and development. This study investigated the chemical forms and the human health risks associated with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) found in playground soil samples from Khagra, a historic town known for its bell metal industry, located in the Murshidabad district of eastern India. Sequential extraction techniques were employed to analyze the distribution of PTEs such as As, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Pb, Ni, Sn, and Zn among different fractions: exchangeable (F1), bound to carbonate phase (F2), bound to iron and manganese oxides (F3), bound to organic matter (F4), and residual (F5). The playground soil showed the highest contamination with Sn, with an I_POLL value of 3.14, indicating moderate to heavy contamination, while Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn exhibit moderate contamination. The mean concentration of PTEs in all fractions (F1-F5) follows the order: Fe > Zn > Cu > Mn > Pb > Sn > Ni > Co > As > Cd. The maximum affinity of PTEs and their percentages are as follows: Fe (F5, 80.6%), As (F5, 55.31%), Cd (F5, 48.8), Co (F5, 64.9%), Mn (F3, 44%), Ni (F5, 53.2%), Pb (F3, 44.7%), Zn (F3, -43.19%), Sn (F3, 55%), Cu (F5 -42.18). As, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, and Ni have a high affinity for F5, indicating geogenic source, while Mn, Pb, Sn, and Zn have a high affinity for F3, indicating anthropogenic source. Fe-Mn oxide partition was dominant for nearly all PTEs due to elevated sorption of cations onto Fe-Mn oxides at high pH. The risk assessment code for Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Sn, and Zn in playground soil is categorized under moderate risk, below 30%, while other elements showed no risk. Also, mobility factors were calculated for each PTEs, suggesting the degree of mobility that PTEs can easily migrate and be taken up, absorbed, or adsorbed by the human body. The mobility factor in playground soil was higher for Sn (59.89%) followed by Mn (54.24%) > Pb (52.91%) > Zn (52.01%) > Cd (39.49%) > Ni (33.20%) > As (30.39%) > Co (26.56%) > Cu (21.24%) > Fe (11.20%). Risk hazard quotients for children and adults were found to follow the order: Pb (0.263; 0.040), Cu (0.098; 0.015) > As(0.056; 0.008) > Mn (0.045; 0.009) > Zn(0.36; 0.05) > Cd(0.006; 0.001) > Ni (0.004; 0.001) > Co (0.001; 0.0). PTEs detected in the environment result from atmospheric deposition from small-scale metallurgical industries (bell metal and brass), coal and oil combustion, civil works, municipal waste incineration, and fugitive emissions from road dust. The human non-carcinogenic health risk for PTEs from ingestion and dermal contact was higher than that from inhalation. In the context of carcinogenic risk, As shows the highest health risk of 2.51E-05, followed by Cd (1.02E-09) and Co (8.14E-09). This study uniquely assesses the chemical speciation of PTEs in playground soils, revealing their geogenic and anthropogenic sources, and evaluates associated health risks. Policy intervention is vital for monitoring and remediating PTEs in playgrounds to protect children's health.

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来源期刊

Environmental Geochemistry and Health 环境科学-工程：环境

CiteScore

8.00

自引率

4.80%

发文量

279

审稿时长

4.2 months

期刊介绍： Environmental Geochemistry and Health publishes original research papers and review papers across the broad field of environmental geochemistry. Environmental geochemistry and health establishes and explains links between the natural or disturbed chemical composition of the earth’s surface and the health of plants, animals and people. Beneficial elements regulate or promote enzymatic and hormonal activity whereas other elements may be toxic. Bedrock geochemistry controls the composition of soil and hence that of water and vegetation. Environmental issues, such as pollution, arising from the extraction and use of mineral resources, are discussed. The effects of contaminants introduced into the earth’s geochemical systems are examined. Geochemical surveys of soil, water and plants show how major and trace elements are distributed geographically. Associated epidemiological studies reveal the possibility of causal links between the natural or disturbed geochemical environment and disease. Experimental research illuminates the nature or consequences of natural or disturbed geochemical processes. The journal particularly welcomes novel research linking environmental geochemistry and health issues on such topics as: heavy metals (including mercury), persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and mixed chemicals emitted through human activities, such as uncontrolled recycling of electronic-waste; waste recycling; surface-atmospheric interaction processes (natural and anthropogenic emissions, vertical transport, deposition, and physical-chemical interaction) of gases and aerosols; phytoremediation/restoration of contaminated sites; food contamination and safety; environmental effects of medicines; effects and toxicity of mixed pollutants; speciation of heavy metals/metalloids; effects of mining; disturbed geochemistry from human behavior, natural or man-made hazards; particle and nanoparticle toxicology; risk and the vulnerability of populations, etc.