Layered oxide cathodes: A comprehensive review of characteristics, research, and development in lithium and sodium ion batteries

Layered oxide materials are widely used in the field of energy storage and conversion due to their high specific energy, high efficiency, long cycle life, and high safety. Herein, We summarize the latest research progress in the field of layered metal oxide cathode materials from three aspects: challenges faced, failure mechanisms, and modification methods. We also compare the characteristics of lithium-based layered oxides and sodium-based layered oxides, and predict future development directions. The layered oxide cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries and lithium-ion batteries exhibit overall structural and operational similarities. There are also some differences, such as lattice parameters and application extent. Sodium-ion battery cathode materials need to explore new materials and address structural instability issues, while lithium-ion batteries require finding alternative materials and improving production efficiency. Future challenges for both types of materials include enhancing capacity and cycle performance, elucidating deep mechanisms, reducing costs, and improving resource sustainability. Future development should focus on balancing cycle stability and charge cut-off voltage to meet the growing demand for battery applications.