Magnetization transfer explains most of the T 1 variability in the MRI literature.

Purpose: To identify the predominant source of the $T_1$ variability described in the literature, which ranges from 0.6-1.1 s for brain white matter at 3 T.

Methods: 25 $T_1$ -mapping methods from the literature were simulated with a mono-exponential and various magnetization-transfer (MT) models, each followed by mono-exponential fitting. A single set of model parameters was assumed for the simulation of all methods, and these parameters were estimated by fitting the simulation based to the corresponding literature $T_1$ values of white matter at 3 T. In vivo MT parameter maps were further used to synthesize MR images for 3 $T_1$ -mapping methods. A mono-exponential model was fitted to the synthesized and corresponding experimental MR images.

Results: Mono-exponential simulations suggest good inter-method reproducibility and fail to explain the highly variable $T_1$ estimates in the literature. In contrast, MT simulations suggest that a mono-exponential fit results in a variable $T_1$ and explain up to 62% of the literature's variability. In our own in vivo experiments, MT explains 70% of the observed variability.

Conclusion: The results suggest that a mono-exponential model does not adequately describe longitudinal relaxation in biological tissue. Therefore, $T_1$ in biological tissue should be considered only a semi-quantitative metric that is inherently contingent upon the imaging methodology; and comparisons between different $T_1$ -mapping methods and the use of simplistic spin systems-such as doped-water phantoms-for validation should be viewed with caution.