Essential concepts for effective mixed methods research in the health professions: AMEE Guide No. 173.

Mixed-methods research involves combining quantitative and qualitative approaches and mixing and integrating at multiple stages. It is gaining more attention and interest in health professions education research and evaluation. However, many undertake mixed-methods research for the first time without a rich understanding of the differences in practice associated with mixed-methods research. This often leads to research efforts that do not result in more complex, nuanced understandings of the phenomena being studied. Mixed-methods research requires researchers to thoughtfully and often creatively weave together their projects' various qualitative and quantitative strands. This effort ideally starts at the design stage and continues through the remainder of the research effort. We have aggregated resources and organized this guide to introduce researchers to what we see as some essential concepts, practices, and scholarship in mixed methods which will be useful to those just starting on their mixed-methods journey and those already engaging in mixed-methods research. This guide begins by discussing three vital characteristics of mixed-methods research that set it apart from mono-method research: its purposes, alternative philosophical stances, and integration, long viewed as a defining characteristic. We then discuss further important considerations, such as conducting mixed-methods literature reviews, timing and priority of qualitative and quantitative strands, and research design typologies. To complement these discussions, we have provided illustrative examples of high-quality peer-reviewed mixed-methods research from health professions education and other closely associated areas (e.g. health and clinical research). This guide also includes several activities and recommended resources, such as journals, textbooks, and professional societies, that researchers can use to deepen their practice and understanding and mixed-methods research. We hope the content, resources, article examples, and activities will be the prologue to fruitful explorations of mixed-methods research, helping researchers make informed, intentional choices about future mixed-methods efforts.