Securing the internet’s backbone: A blockchain-based and incentive-driven architecture for DNS cache poisoning defense

Domain Name System (DNS) is the backbone of the Internet infrastructure, converting human-friendly domain names into machine-processable IP addresses. However, DNS remains vulnerable to various security threats, such as cache poisoning attacks, where malicious attackers inject false information into DNS resolvers’ caches. Although efforts have been made to enhance DNS against such vulnerabilities, existing countermeasures often fall short in one or more areas: they may offer limited resistance to the collusion attack, introduce significant overhead, or require complex implementation that hinders widespread adoption. To address these challenges, this paper introduces TI-DNS+, a trusted and incentivized blockchain-based DNS resolution architecture for cache poisoning defense. TI-DNS+ introduces a Verification Cache exploiting blockchain ledger’s immutable nature to detect and correct forged DNS responses. The architecture also incorporates a multi-resolver Query Vote mechanism, enhancing the ledger’s credibility by validating each record modification through a stake-weighted algorithm. This algorithm selects resolvers as validators based on their stake proportion. To promote well-behaved participation, TI-DNS+ also implements a novel stake-based incentive mechanism that optimizes the generation and distribution of stake rewards. This ensures that incentives align with participants’ contributions, achieving incentive compatibility, fairness, and efficiency. Moreover, TI-DNS+ possesses high practicability as it requires only resolver-side modifications to current DNS. Finally, through comprehensive prototyping and experimental evaluations, the results demonstrate that our solution effectively mitigates DNS cache poisoning. Compared to competitors, our solution improves attack resistance by 1-3 orders of magnitude, while also reducing resolution latency by 5% to 68%.