Evolving usability heuristics for visualising Augmented Reality/Mixed Reality applications using cognitive model of information processing and fuzzy analytical hierarchy process

The pace of technological advancement is accelerating, and one of the latest developments is the emergence of Augmented Reality (AR) and Mixed Reality (MR) glasses as an extension of smartphones. The key to success lies in innovative research and technology that can reach a wide audience. To ensure a positive user experience, AR/MR glasses must offer interfaces that are easy to use, memorable, and leave a lasting impression. While Nielsen's heuristics are widely accepted as the standard for usability, it is clear that non-traditional applications require a rethinking of these heuristics to best suit their unique needs. A fresh usability heuristic for augmented and MR applications is designed by combining and modifying the existing models, such as Nielsen's 10 heuristics, Technology Acceptance Model, and Software Usability Measurement Inventory. The resulting framework incorporates 21 main heuristics and 60 sub heuristics. The 21 main heuristics are further grouped into the Norman's cognitive theory model based on the three levels of processing. The industry experts evaluated and validated the usability framework and established a higher level of effectiveness in identifying more usability problems compared with Nielsen's heuristics.