Recent advancements of nanoparticles for antiviral therapy

The global outbreak of infectious diseases in recent decades has caused serious health problems worldwide. Key factors that contribute to the lack of a complete therapeutic strategy against viral infections include biomimetic architecture, ability to manipulate the antibody, continuous antigen transfer, covert system of injecting inappropriate doses of drugs at target sites, resulting in drug resistance. Reasons include low water solubility, poor permeability, plasma protein a high self-similarity, short gene half-life, and rapid system elimination. To combat these challenges, nanoparticle-based drug delivery has emerged as a revolutionary approach, applying nanoengineering tools to nanoparticle synthesis to achieve optimal drug concentrations at targeted sites over time nanoparticles with nano dimensional structure enhanced permeability and retention effects, increasing surface area volume ratios, in surface-functioning capacity, prove effective in antiviral therapeutic delivery but size, shape, charge, and surface topology of nanoparticles allow target specific drug delivery, cellular uptake, opsonization by host immune cells, drug retention time, transcytosis, extended biological half -life, in vivo stability, and significantly affect cytotoxicity. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the critical role of nanotechnology-based drugs while addressing important aspects of clinical safety and efficacy.